重大安全事故三案例分析.doc
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1、1, and prepared according to 1.1, and thermal power engineering started debugging work provides 1.2, and thermal power power plant construction engineering started and the completed acceptance procedures 1.3, and thermal power unit started steam Blowpipe guide is 1.4, and thermal power engineering a
2、djustment try shipped quality test and the evaluation standard 2, and #1 furnace started debugging organization measures and the related provides 2.1, and organization Division: for guarantee wide up thermal power plant #1 furnace started debugging and the part steam machine system of smooth voted s
3、hipped, special established #1 furnace try shipped professional group, members following: leader: Deputy Leader: supervision: crew: wide up try shipped personnel: wide up acceptance personnel: 2.2, and debugging, and try shipped content: boiler auxiliary machine Division debugging electric dust of D
4、ivision try turned and the debugging baking furnace Cook furnace boiler rushed tube, and blow sweep security door check 2.3, and operation provides and the Division: #1 furnace debugging, and try shipped by #1 furnace try shipped professional group requirements for, which single try turned and Divis
5、ion try shipped by xD three company led is responsible for. all moving operation operation must be in strict accordance with the prior authorization of the #1 boiler commissioning professional working group, and after starting, the test command-approved #1 furnace steps in the test programme, event
6、of temporary changes be reported to headquarters approval. commissioning, trial operation process is required for each project by Northwest electric power construction company ready equipment installation records, and fill in the test application form, the a and b sides after passing the checks, fil
7、l in partial commissioning checking before a visa, reported head of the approval, carried out by the leader of unified command. About each action are made by the leader of a unified command, operation after the report to the team leader. Without the Directors consent shall not unilaterally make any
8、startup operation, such as single operations, who is responsible for all security responsibilities, with no ties to the other side. all before the first turn of the motor, must be approved by both parties a common roll insulation measurement can be carried out properly. After the end of each project
9、 commissioning, fill in partial acceptance visa trial shipments. As motor in rotating equipment commissioning test switch and mechanical part of their trial cannot continuously, this is considered two test projects shall be carried out according to the above four steps. 2.4, and attached work votes
10、issued people, and license people, and work head list: party electrical first species, and second species work votes license people list: party engine work votes license people list: b electrical first species, and second species work votes issued people: b hot control professional issued people lis
11、t: b hot control professional work head: b steam machine professional work votes issued people: b steam machine professional work votes head: b boiler professional work votes issued people: b boiler professional work votes head: attached: about personnel of contact phone party b Division 3, boiler a
12、uxiliary equipment debugging scenarios 3.1, send, induced draft fan try turned 3.1.1, try turning the former requirements of: 3.1.1.1, fan body and motor installed, based the second Grouting ends, and the concrete strength is up. 3.1.1.2, coupling the Centre has finished aligning standards, approved
13、 visa. 3.1.1.3, bearing clearance normal outer rims and bearing clearance is up to standard. 3.1.1.4, Benton . Condition. 5.1.3, oven starts all range of comprehensive systems have been installed, grate, delivery, fan and slag machine to try to transfer a qualified acceptance and visas. 5.1.4, boile
14、r pressure parts, body pipe all installed, water pressure test and acceptance of visa. 5.1.5, thermal, electrical and instrument installation, single school qualified to simulate joint school qualified, ready to operate. 5.1.6, furnace wall masonry and pipe insulation, corrosion protection all over,
15、 and acceptance. Boiler air and flue gas ducts clean, clutter-free, external oven site has been cleaned up. 5.1.7, ESP installation completion and acceptance of visa, water-film dust collector completes the installation of approved重大安全事故案例分析主要内容:案例一、博帕尔化学品泄漏事故案例二、BP德克萨斯炼油厂爆炸事故案例三、吉化“11.13”特大爆炸事故案例四、
16、重庆市开县气矿井喷事故案例五、美国羟胺蒸馏装置爆炸事故案例六、长滩天然气工厂爆炸事故案例七、休斯顿化工区爆炸事故案例八、Piper舢曲既海上平台沉没事故案例九、英国邦斯菲尔德油库爆炸火灾事故案例十、重庆天原化工“4.16” 氯气泄漏爆炸事故案例一、博帕尔化学品泄漏事故1984年12月3日发生在印度博帕尔的甲基异氰酸酯(methyl isocyanate,简称MIC)泄漏事故,是迄今为止最严重的工业安全事故。有报道指出,当地80万人口中有约20万人暴露于有毒气体中,并且在事故发生后的两天内,约有5000人死亡,最终总的死亡人数可能有2万人,另外有6万余人需要接受长期治疗。事故现场图片一、事故经过
17、如图1所示,在事故发生的当天下午,维修人员在清洗工艺管道上的过滤器。在用水反向冲洗过滤器之前,没有按照作业程序要求“关闭工艺管道上的阀门,并在“隔离法兰”处安装盲板”,且在开始这些工作之前,维修人员没有按需要申请并获得作业许可证。图1 博帕尔(Bhopal)MIC储存系统的工艺流程简图12月3日凌晨00时15分,储罐内压力迅速升高,有人在工艺区内发现了泄漏出的MIC。于是,一名操作人员前往现场查看,他听到储罐内发出隆隆声,并感受到来自储罐的辐射热,他立即尝试启动洗涤器,但没有成功。凌晨00时45分,储罐超压、安全阀起跳,随即大量MIC泄漏到周围环境中。在2h内,约25tMIC进入大气中,工厂下
18、风向8km内的区域都暴露在泄漏的化学品中,短时间内造成周围居民大量伤亡。事故发生后,应急反应系统没有有效运转,当地医院不知道泄漏的是什么气体,对泄漏气体可能造成的后果及急救措施也毫不了解。二、事故原因1、管理原因(1)工厂位置不合适。工厂建造在城市近郊,离火车站只有1km,距工厂3km范围内有两家医院。(2)工厂的管理层为了节约成本,不惜以牺牲安全为代价,这是导致一系列不安全条件和不安全行为的重要原因。在满足工艺基本要求的前提下,应尽量减少工艺系统按照操作要求,事故储罐中MIC液位不得超过60%,在公司停掉工艺要求对储罐内的MIC进行冷冻储存系统(3)未按本质安全的原则进行工厂操作。r内危险化
19、学品的存储量。事故工厂MIC的储存量约为171m3,有专家质疑储存如此大量危险物料的必要性。r事故发生时,实际液位是87%。r后,报警温度被设定在20(按规定,当温度超过11时,就应该报警),实际的操作温度基本上在15左右。(4)应急反应效率低。在该工厂,少量的泄漏早已司空见惯,而且储罐上的压力计早先已经出现故障,操作人员不再相信它们的结果。在发现泄漏2h后才拉响警报。MIC的泄漏持续了约4560min,在这期间,居住在工厂周围的许多人,因为眼睛和喉咙受到刺激从睡梦中惊醒,并很快丧失了生命。2、设备原因(1)洗涤器能够处理温度为35、流量为90kg/h的MIC蒸气,在事故发生时,MIC的排放量
20、大约是设计处理流量的200倍,导致洗涤器无法吸收。(2)当时火炬正处于维修状况,与工艺系统分开了,导致泄漏的气体未经过火炬焚烧,直接进入大气。(3)喷淋水系统最高只能喷到离地面15m处,而泄漏的MIC蒸气达到了离地面50m的高度。3、人员原因(1)没有按照作业程序要求“关闭工艺管道上的阀门,并在“隔离法兰”处安装盲板”。(2)维修人员在开始这些工作之前,没有按需要申请并获得作业许可证。(3)事故发生之初,工厂操作人员忽视了所发生的泄漏,在发现泄漏2h后才拉响警报。三、事故教训1、管理层对于安全的认可是实现工厂安全的根本前提。管理层的认可不仅利于落实日常的安全管理,也是建设企业安全文化的重要推动
21、力。就实现安全无事故的目标而言,如果没有管理层的承诺,再好的管理系统和技术能力都没有现实的意义。2、管理层对于安全的认可解决了“应该去做”的问题,紧接着的问题是“如何去做”。为了防止灾难性的事故,工厂需要做好管理与技术两个方面的工作:一是需要建立科学的安全管理系统;二是管理人员、工程师及操作和维修人员需要具备必要的技术能力。3、需要对危害较大的工艺系统进行系统的工艺危害分析。辨别工艺系统可能出现的偏离正常工况的情形,找出相关的原因与后果,并提出消除或控制危害的改进措施,从而提高系统的安全性能。4、建立和切实执行工艺系统的变更管理制度,严肃对待工艺系统和操作维修程序的变更。工艺系统的重要安全设施
22、(如本案例中的冷冻系统和火炬)之所以存在,都是为了实现一定的工艺意图,不能随意取消或绕过它们;如果确实需要这样做,应事先按照变更管理程序的要求,对新的做法进行必要的危害分析,并依据分析结果落实必要的安全措施。5、加强对操作人员和维修人员(包括承包商)的培训和管理。帮助员工和承包商一了解工艺系统中存在的危害、相关的控制措施以及工厂的各项安全管理制度(如作业许可证制度)。6、加强对事故和未遂事故的根源分析。在本次灾难性事故发生之前,博帕尔工厂就发生过多次小规模的MIC泄漏事故,工人们都有过眼睛不适的经历(MIC损伤眼睛、肺部和神经系统等)。但是,这些前兆并没有引起工厂管理层的足够重视。经验表明,后
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