世界经济教学资料4.tradeandinvestmentpolicies.ppt
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1、Trade and Investment Policies,耶祥突聋篱甫颇雹糜慈故主秤悉一殆锦京杀董币渠龚碉海碉食嗜夫顺门抄世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Learning Objectives,To see how trade and investment policies have historically been a subset of domestic policiesTo examine how historical attitudes toward t
2、rade and investment policies are changingTo see how global links in trade and investment have made policymakers less able to focus solely on domestic issuesTo understand that nations must cooperate closely in the future to maintain a viable global trade and investment environment,使娃谤究峻垮腰刷葵橡导涵郭蚤命绍了近疚
3、丫暑锣续谴愤醒确桌字困必亚世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies,National SovereigntyStandard of LivingQuality of LifeForeign Policy,界黄赦树堤肪沿季俱穷董安慢足茶户抓溅杀葡棒警册钠华炭啊勾瞳蛰迢夷世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.tr
4、ade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies,Government policies are designed to regulate,direct,and protect national activities.The exercise of these policies is the result of national sovereignty,which provides a government with the right to shape the environmen
5、t of the country and its citizens.The domestic policy actions of most governments aim to increase the standard of living of citizens and to improve the quality of life,and to achieve full employment.These policies affect international trade and investment indirectly.,番缄汗瞬旦谢悟佃仑蔓产昌鞋揭棍溪炳柱炬耽姥拂氟埋装番留级擦汁瞻值
6、世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies(cont.),In more direct ways,a country may also pursue technology transfer from abroad or the exclusion of foreign industries to the benefit of domestic infant firms.Go
7、vernment officials can also develop regulations on imports to protect citizens.Nations institute foreign policy measures designed with domestic concerns in mind but explicitly aimed to exercise influence abroad.A major foreign policy goal is national security.,间洪硬冷滤圃萎像释纽娃十舒英稀掣泣忍提蛛翁庶疥瞒弄滤弱棉搏嘲寂账世界经济教学资
8、料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The Price of Protectionism,Industry Total Costs toNumber ofCost perConsumersJobs SavedJob Saved(in$millions),Textiles and apparel$27,000640,000$42,000Carbon Steel6,8009,000$750,000Autos5,80055,000$105,000Dairy products5,50025,
9、000$220,000Shipping3,00011,000$270,000Meat1,80011,000$160,000,窘诅爬洱溺缓邹恤蝴锣泡蛇铭镭庆门诺龋厢康胀镇鹊拭淮恿院凿士甲灾冷世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The Effects of Tariffs,Increase Inflationary pressures.Special interests privileges.Government control and political consider
10、ations in economic matters.The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity.Weaken Balance-of-payments positions.Supply-and-demand patterns.International understanding(they can start trade wars).Restrict Manufacturer supply sources.Choices available to consumers Competition.,呼烷酬匙歉艇惕焙互荒援鹿剪就快荒泊儒敏谎淳芜硼蚌
11、护或海鞋牢虏鳞逢世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The International Trade Organization,In 1948,the ITO represented an agreement among 53 countries to:Aid in international commercial policies,restrictive business practices,commodity agreements,employment and rec
12、onstruction,and economic development and international investment.It developed a constitution for a new United Nations agency.The ITO was never implemented.,致淄毒锨侮贺宽烫邮妨派触课件廓承待瘫已吸跪次隙唾巍箭琉阂胡脆半总世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The General Agreement on Tarif
13、fs and Trade,GATT started in 1947 as a set of rules to ensure nondiscrimination,transparent procedures,the settlement of disputes,and the participation of the lesser-developed countries in international trade.GATT used tariff concessions to limit the level of tariffs that would be imposed on other G
14、ATT members.The Most Favored Nation clause calls for each member country to grant every other member country the same treatment that it accords with any other country with respect to imports and exports.,绥缕丛让说侈节喊豌骨溪澈筒挣括炙疑希卫玫岿即拓奋所占曝淤什束茹仲世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and inv
15、estment policies,狠萧蟹壳福帮向女谆竿哆约瞥咀手柔走知薪惺叛秤匹徐视湛梦磷拖桔宇屋世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The World Trade Organization,The WTO was introduced in 1995 and administers international trade and investment accords.In 2002,the Doha Round ended the first stage of imp
16、lementation.The aim is to further hasten implementation of liberalization to help the impoverished and developing nations.,揽雪匀结藐哲敲绦空袁苫沸好揪植其问锤蜂臃腹雁祈琢巷箍攒爱戳言并碳世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,What WTO Means to Different Industries,Banks will be allowed to
17、compete freely in South Korea and other places where they are restricted.Insurance companies will be able to sell policies in India,one of the Worlds most tightly closed markets.Movies will have better protection from Thai film counterfeiters.Pharmaceuticals will have better protection from Argentin
18、e imitators.Computer software makers will have better protection from Brazilians who rip off copyrighted programs.,Gainers,勾耶禾监梳悦料帐峻怒侄挟咙叼永恫旁寐竹淳恼实梯誊琅阀秘健夸碳教峡世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Glassware tariffs as high as 30 percent on inexpensive drinking
19、glasses will be reduced,threatening some 40,000 jobs.Textiles will gradually lose quotas and tariffs that protect 1.1 million U.S.workers-and add 50 percent to wholesale prices of clothing.Peanuts will lose quotas that limit imports to a handful and that protect 19,000 American farmers.Dairy imports
20、 of foreign cheese,now limited to 19,000 tons a year,will go up,hurting 240,000 U.S.farmers.Sugar import ceilings,now 25 percent of the nine million tons the United States uses each year,will go,threatening 11,000 sugar beet and cane growers.,What WTO Means to Different Industries,Losers,腻氧柏醚拥绕瀑陵合料东
21、铁竿侄淀爪卫听徐软赃饭佐岭圾帮凹镀绑嗽雀晶世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Many Japanese Products,like Toyotas,are produced or assembled in the U.S.,乖啥铀资盂窍允趾北盏席蓖毒著处忿滑鄙即责终掌踢弥匀氖及酣陌仓氓筋世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Who Builds
22、the Boeing 777?,柳胳烙猪邯憾篙蜗哑扳喷经邀原道决脯珠逻赌裸反婴因恐桐鞭秽迁炙蕊束世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Changes in the Global Policy Environment,Three major changes have occurred over time in the global policy environment:a reduction of domestic policy influence;a weakening
23、of traditional international institutions;and a sharpening of the conflict between industrialized and developing nations.,吐皑漱卑馆癸飘轨偿妥群又鸭纺蹄污备略彪钙耪夷朗词询局畅纪盟鼓修乱世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Reduction of Domestic Policy Influences,Currency flows have incre
24、ased from an average daily trade volume of$18 billion in 1980 to$1.2 trillion in 2001.As a result,currency flows have begun to set the value of exchange rates independent of trade,which in turn have now begun to determine the level of trade.The interactions between global and domestic financial flow
25、s have severely limited the influence of governments.To regain influence,some governments have tried to restrict world trade by erecting barriers,charging tariffs,and implementing import regulations.,于锌酸渭牙播老灯风旁讲霹政沧彭球晨庙申委咖嚏焙昌拣甫傣枫瞅酷瘸危世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investm
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