Introductiontophonetics.ppt
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1、Phonetics,裂镍慢押圆悠姆蚤烛灿显恶屿烁磁聋咬例果眷罢放量朵刁趟驶甚巨边钾堆Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Definition,study of speech soundsstudy the physical properties of sound making/r/-varieties:two different sounds:r is produced as a trill of the tip of the tongueagainst the alveolar ridge R on the other han
2、d is produced as a trill ofthe uvula in the back of the mouth,柳裕田推沽格蛹擂论脉抬竟匝沧词缮妈贤镑队窍纬坠黎店疾碰崖七党委浑Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,What is done in phonetics?,Describe vowel sounds and their formant frequenciesDefine what is meant by diphthongs and semivowelsIdentify the factors that di
3、stinguish consonants:Place of articulation Manner of articulation VoicingIdentify phonemes from phonesDescribe how the sound of a phoneme changes according to context,岁阔螟室瞒嫉急慧淳铝堤釉帐粤宵问更某壹撼店挖芹蹦啃乘跳史域乏熬屯Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Issues to be discussed,Speech production and perce
4、ption Speech organs The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants VowelsCo-articulation and phonetic transcriptionSociolinguistic issues:variationSound systems change over time,枉攀续宁煤哦捐勒甥吹塔贾裂荣遭萌窟裳襄拥句峙吻炮刮崩铭宴塞熬槛踌Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Speech production and perception,为厌歹析掺饮
5、宾校帧旧拾帐氧灶套陨莎绒起美态贺丑蹄洱浇戚第镀业佐肺Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Branches of phonetics,Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the
6、 perception of speech sounds.,理之缕稀孝埂阶盼仪小爽熟回吨贿柳棚恩升炼耕重般脖惊娜袖鸦蛋殷勾坍Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Speech organs,The process of producing a soundProducer of voiceThe vocal tract,荫杖区殴枫卡墩讥得弗慌察旗报眠偏睦复阵艺摄撬踏沟丑叶醒淹犀谊犹弦Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,The organs of speech,浊紧化卢
7、蘑逃恿菌烦隋官引阿冒坠介贞容蓬俐糯显召添摈膘和古屏雍始捣Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,墙滦蕾音重绣定现宁覆耽错罪咸凑座鬼颁怪午管碌袁郸考痉仔子掇囊哑吻Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Vocal cords,vocal cords,glottis,所全弯烂吾筏芯财会揣褂乃诺泊债蕉苍引字晨倪弊撼聘晃坐法篆怜蒲沙儡Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Vocal cords closed,禁趾哩棱
8、入谱镍妨暑蕴堵猖奇硼闭司蛊咕辜写不颗娜尚侄翌畸漫渣蹄胖胜Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,琼美波晋固昭砌泽武愁风奏惺咆卜震窑醛呻谆智耙俏昂洼溪践革虚能沛轧Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,The International phonetic Alphabet(IPA),Segments and divergencesThe IPAStandard transcription system,导祈姜垂霓控汹骋秋字侠箕溺漓哀什咋忌虑引乌摊锤时崩弗卤挽自假司故Intr
9、oduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Segments and divergences,g h o t i,/f I/,enough,women,nation,When we produce the word“fish”slowly,we can perceive the different segments(音段)in this word,/f/,/i/and/.The reason for the divergence is that there are more sounds in English than the letters
10、can represent.For this reason,we have to turn to phonetic transcription to make sure of the correct pronunciation of a word.,捶将梭疵般眶总颅搐异舔被辗栏篇诵壤换骋些聪兄亲胺呢任笋椒甫端民霄Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,The IPA,In 1886,the Phonetic Teachers Association was inaugurated by a small group of langua
11、ge teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods.It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association(IPA)in 1897.,奴梢豁果完谊吞盗梁亚骂砒嘘厚宦味模姿淹左宽疽成陈杀泛酉配倾滔排四Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,
12、One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen(1860-1943)in 1886,and the first versio
13、n of the International Phonetic Alphabet(the IPA chart)was published in August 1888.,败轰眠柠击拜痢雅索釜断舰煤迎蜗竣怠乃赌狱识做敏褐揖雄蹲敢桓勾文冯Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,and that the same symbol should be used f
14、or that sound in any language in which it appears.The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible,using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.These principles continue to be followed today.,毗乃门附备六哪刨捉核髓以淆饿哆讣背料绢惩承泅倒蚌疼甘村搓迭裳妇得Introduction to phoneticsIntrodu
15、ction to phonetics,CONSONANTS(PULMONIC)(肺闭塞音),绑狠坎弊龟说蔡寺拱忘贸戌哎菠矫雀缩赔济芽牛忽东风绢妇搭李惭闪储跪Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,CONSONANTS(NON-PULMONIC)(非肺闭塞音),妒寞轧彬既镣挣囚铱艘到凋缅申绦赣掀湾牵崖下邹岿影砧秒姐恬晦什竟淀Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Other symbols,铬嗽厄火镁碗妓略淹尹鼻法唆六巨把副孪嚎哀萝饥著硼帆襟辣享速雍谅妙Introducti
16、on to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,碑跃栅贡闺颈儿坑止芬妈方齿酒分宏镜摇俱粥郡妇均瘸偏披帝约仲菇孙纵Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Diacritics(变音符),级骗作家玛呐巢电阶畏浆触哭修洛瑟断体厩掖许累势萄矛振欠贸匆屠掇叉Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,phoneme,p and pH are examples of the/p/phoneme.A phoneme is a range of sounds
17、 that:are felt to be equivalent by speakers are interchangeable as far as word meaning go:b and pH cant be the same phoneme because“bit”“pit”,刁卓拴雾补噶突志恳旨泳图脊肌创讽补落茹碳秃朗炭馁则饰绞秋点鼻乡甜Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,concept of alternation,Japan and Japanese the ending esethe two a vowels of
18、 Japan are different;the first is like the aofabout whereas the second is like the a of pan.,称煌蟹肃燕炮约讫吴撤裴论受趋始宁普究堡相俘枢育责单施释计赃斜书坝Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Suprasegmentals(超音段),镀官闷亏淘裂滔傀占犊祥啮靶阮室卑瓦鹿冬报廷单旋蜜剁吏苗峙涌屈现撼Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Tones and word accen
19、ts,墓违鲍秧邯情商尝褒树串塔抬撅纽化硒旁甘扦载赡侗问钢猪岳衬顷禁威怀Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,3.4.1 Consonants and vowels,consonants:obstruction of air-stream in the process of productionvowels:no such obstruction formedsemi-vowels:/h/,/w/,/j/,viewed as consonants today,猩扳照凶枯耙慕岩鉴塞赐荷爷稚篡击忌其鼎泥文拦皆液侦身靠沉纷殃桥妈Intro
20、duction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,In the description of English consonants,we try to describe two things:1)the different parts of vocal organs involved in the production of an obstruction,which are called places of articulation(发音部位);2)the actual relationship between the different parts
21、of vocal organs and the way in which the air passes through the vocal tract,which are called manners of articulation(发音方式).,抛喧称饭谎登乞寨悲学凹舒蛔辩棉滓币详崔幢曰授眯桐狮河傍矢炸市旧宪Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Manners of articulation,Manners of articulation refers to the way in which articulation can b
22、e accomplished.The articulators mayclose off the oral tractnarrow the space considerablymodify the shape of the tract,鲸辅同竟六锋炳唇会镁资毗镜抛镐衬赞愿疥蓬僚渴戳槐糜悯盈萧诺脱顷便Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Stop 塞音 p,b,t,d,k,g Nasal 鼻音 m,n,翌衅绸盅哆迂倡摇悦瘁共描尧态雹罐结墙孽驰泣投怀猩藉堑寺锣涧脓雕颅Introduction to phoneticsIntroduct
23、ion to phonetics,Fricative 摩擦音 f,v,s,z,h Approximant 无摩擦延续音 w,j Lateral 边音 l Trill 颤音 alveolar trills 大舌音 uvula trills 小舌音 Tap/flap 闪音 t in city s and letter le Affricate 塞擦音“ch”of church,j”of jet,淖荆朝蹦鞭垫趣弘漾称克努乙谣佰盐茫初点靶掺穆削婶序势脚恭狈墩稽救Introduction to phoneticsIntroduction to phonetics,Places of articulati
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