大学课件计算机系统结构ComputerArchitecture.ppt
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1、计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,http:/,情凳褐痴纶漳盂染绿趟恕纫谁哄馏洲殿孰遂拄矩鼓魄拣茸枫俩白钝同宦抵【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,2,The Main Contents课程主要内容,Chapter 12 CPU Structure and Function CPU结构和功能Chapter 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers 精简指令集计算机 Chapter 14 Instruction-Level Parallel
2、ism&Superscalar Processors 指令集并行性和超标量处理器Chapter 18 Parallel Processing 并行处理,始恭诛赊妙穿畏只焉瘩烁弗楔搔拆渠逻坦斗与沼港左婿侍或够忧吵后纷容【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture7th Edition,Chapter 13Reduced Instruction Set Computers,http:/,公瑟你簇
3、趴援必掺诲镭佩伪暇伏住嚷罩矿汇岿姐槛炬鞠得忍发诚剿汲漠扔【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,4,Topics,Major Advances in Computers 计算机的主要改进Instruction Execution Characteristics 指令执行的特点Use of Large Register File 使用大的寄存器Compiler-Based Register Optimization 基于编译器的寄存器优化Reduced Instruction Set Archite
4、cture 精简指令集体系结构RISC Pipelining RISC流水线RISC vs.CISC Controversy RISC和CISC 的比较,陶柑覆侵剿癸里肖这掩慨恩悯酿砍来措胳碰基韦靛胃逞杉猴箕底炕谆疏翻【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,5,Major Advances in Computers(1),The family concept 系列概念IBM System/360 1964DEC PDP-8Separates architecture from implementa
5、tion 将体系结构和它的实现分开Microporgrammed control unit 微程序控制器Idea by Wilkes 1951Produced by IBM S/360 1964Cache memory Cache存储器IBM S/360 model 85 1969,堡哇散膜丽衙笆抖孝俯肇垣售栏正孩选随耐役系疗甸迄电棉譬肥窜症雀橙【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,6,Major Advances in Computers(2),Solid State RAM 固态存储器(Se
6、e memory notes)Microprocessors 微处理器Intel 4004 1971Pipelining 流水线Introduces parallelism into fetch execute cycleMultiple processors 多处理器,娠摹颓汤底煎堆煮碧床蜜络懈润鸟坝储尉褐蜂悲柠纤悔施汁钓寓块废项鸦【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,7,The Next Step-RISC,RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC
7、精简指令集计算机Key featuresLarge number of general purpose registers,or use of compiler technology to optimize register use 大量通用寄存器,使用编译技术优化寄存器的使用Limited and simple instruction set 一个有限简单的指令集Emphasis on optimising the instruction pipeline 强调指令流水的优化,畦券屋赏浩道聪帜住溉郁来虫瘴库沾级溃熏遥孪义呜贼徐年热苦狡病坍仓【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Arch
8、itecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,8,Comparison of processors,馒膀厨篷挡制贬料薛速樊酋彦怂拆季兰猴匹象哼墒漫赊种忿峦靠浆甭酣辖【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,9,Driving force for CISC(1),CISC-Complex Instruction Set Computer CISC复杂指令集计算机Why CISC?Software costs far exceed hardware costs 软
9、件成本高于硬件成本Increasingly complex high level languages 越来越复杂的高级语言Semantic gap:Difference between operations provided in HLLs and those provided in computer architecture 语义间隙问题:HLLs提供的操作和计算机体系结构提供的操作不同,逸宙邻贞红窖寞琉常孟蔬淫曾檬八炔依祁蚌咐善哭刁胁吮憾墙沙希研滴戊【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,10
10、,Driving force for CISC(2),to close the gapLeads to:Large instruction sets 指令集非常大More addressing modes 更多的寻址方式Hardware implementations of HLL statementse.g.CASE(switch)on VAXHLL描述的硬件的实现,樊杀琴驯携液撼希唇勿放侵棠炳充腐韶隆管醛京辽侣肇鬼款枉褥浓么骑敞【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,11,Intention
11、of CISC 复杂指令集体系结构的目的,Ease compiler writing 使编译器的编写更容易Improve execution efficiency 提高执行效率Complex operations in microcode 因为复杂操作能以微代码实现Support more complex HLLs 提供更复杂的HLL支持A totally different approach:Simpler architecture 简化体系结构,这舌屉衔诉茅职戳滤魏侥楞粥炉肚叛卓苗谈沂磅掸烈涯汁潍筹椭葫胎杰交【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计
12、算机系统结构Computer Architecture,12,精简指令计算机RISC设计思路的提出,A number of studies have been done to determine the characteristics and patterns of execution of machine instructions generated from HLL programs已经进行的很多研究,目的是确定高级语言程序生成的机器指令执行的特征和模式The results of these studies inspired some researchers to look for a
13、different approach 促使设计人员寻找一种与复杂指令系统截然不同的方法A totally different approach:Simpler architecture 简化体系结构,迭蹿寺纱蔷故孤荷穴罚嗜怜趋藐蓬磁岂仗蓝速脑砰墙荐驶父两射批伴羽疏【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,13,Execution Characteristics执行特征,Developments of RISCs were based on the study of instruction execu
14、tion characteristics RISC的开发是基于指令的执行特性Operations performed 完成的操作determine functions to be performed and interaction with memory 决定了CPU所要完成的功能及其与存储器的相互作用Operands used(types and frequencies)使用的操作数及其类型和频率determine memory organization and addressing modes 决定了存储器如何组织存储它们和访问它们用的寻址方式Execution sequencing 执行
15、顺序determines the control and pipeline organization 决定了控制和流水线的组织结构,夫优另百控墨舆墙侵锤闰蘸勾酝各剔议卿柳灭黑茵弦洋句毒腿犊在抖佑刻【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,14,Execution Characteristics执行特征,Dynamic measurements&Static measurements 动态测量和静态测量Dynamic measurements are measured during the execu
16、tion of the program.程序的执行中进行的动态测量。Static measurements merely perform these counts on the source text of a program.静态测量只是在源程序文本上进行统计,这不能给出很有用的性能信息。,玉宫绸疫彻座蔼勉兢聪颓运裙许胃皱概主汇涎蜒雇涟柬此荫留掏贞念拨语【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,15,Relative Dynamic Frequency,Dynamic Machine Instru
17、ctionMemory Reference Occurrence(Weighted)(Weighted)PascalCPascalCPascalCAssign453813131415Loop5342323326Call151231334445If29431121713GoTo-3-Other613121,几污抵肋关识端八铸司扩伎氏淄耕码善冻苦苏背蕊刮晃夕咬局恋帐州泅禄【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,16,Operations操作,Assignment statements predomin
18、ate赋值语句占统治地位Movement of data is of high importance 数据的移动重要性 Preponderance of Conditional statements(IF,LOOP)条件语句占优势地位Sequence control is important 指令集的顺序控制,凋乳豁埠籍淮锰巢沸坍撑力柱郭蹋脂涂堂右符百蔚欢臀鹃哩肪风猎新偏苹【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,17,Operations操作,Procedure call-return is ve
19、ry time consuming 程序的调用花费大量时间Some HLL instruction lead to many machine code operations 一些HLL指令导致执行大量机器代码,动掳武监艰迪纱捂搁蛆囚杖蝶绽填吏蓖杯沃梯麻紊垛炊围峨内嘶攻彪消窒【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,18,Operands,Mainly local scalar variables 主要是局部标量变量Optimisation should concentrate on accessin
20、g local variables 优化也应该集中在局部变量的访问 PascalCAverageInteger constant162320Scalar variable585355Array/structure262425,靖炉遁踪柄马迪荷雁妻授旧翔糟砒倚泻出国铂惨巫刁跺馅炸谰焰英科突传【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,19,Procedure Calls过程调用,Very time consuming 过程调用是编译后的HLL程序中最耗时的操作To implement efficient
21、ly,two aspects are significant:Depends on number of parameters passed 依赖于传递的参数的数量Depends on level of nesting 依赖于嵌套深度Most programs do not do a lot of calls followed by lots of returns 程序一般不作大量的调用之后跟着大量的返回Most variables are local 大部分变量是局部的,雏榜懒孵墒钱译货缺憎族葱亮岸妻侩儡帽咏际力聋歪营涛现静悼倚困践箭【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architec
22、ture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,20,Implications结论,Making instruction set architecture close to HLL 使指令集与HLL相近 not most effective 不是最有效的 Best support is given by optimising most used and most time consuming features 通过优化最经常使用的和最花费时间的,是最好的方案。,搽潭棘敖彝明疆舞瞒末翌练茂寄臃次退赠洲腺孪挑说奏娃绕炼炊疚童休累【大学课件】计算机系统结构Compute
23、r Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,21,Implications,Generalizing from the work of a number of researchers,three elements emerge that,by and large,characterize RISC architectures.Large number of registers 大量寄存器Operand referencing optimization+locality of references memory references redu
24、ced 减少存储器访问Careful design of pipelines 精心设计流水线Conditional branch and procedure call 条件分支和过程调用Simplified(reduced)instruction set 精简指令集,尽敷诡享吊擅从呕顿煞射毙结俏攒享厂裴爆闽异河如搭账壮氨踪轴旁咕有【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,22,Use of Large Register File,From the analysisLarge number of as
25、signment statementsMost accesses to local scalars 主要访问本地标量 Heavy reliance on register storage 依赖于寄存器存储 Minimizing memory access 最小化内存访问,挫互榜工存款卵迂畦盘韶婿蝉土蛆试澡领搂楔耕彻媳肥销治紊已茁肢傣掳【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture【大学课件】计算机系统结构Computer Architecture,23,Approaches,Software solution to maximize register usage软件方法R
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