英语句子的基本结构.ppt

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1、Grammar,sentences,start!,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subject group）,谓语部分（predicate group）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1)主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任，常放句首。,2)谓语

2、（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework

3、without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二).选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the l

4、ibrary this afternoon.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon,Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is,We had better send for

5、a doctor.A.We B.hadC.send D.doctor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.didC.whom D.book,3)宾语（object）,He won the game.On the desk,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother h

6、asnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?,4)表语（predicative）,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,He is a student.,除

7、了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,(三)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subj

8、ect.She was the first to learn about it.,5)宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。,They made him king.,I consider the book too expensive.,高考常考的宾补通常是考：使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语,四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。,句中的lying on the floor 为现在分词，作宾语补足语.,使役动词let;make;have 及感官动词hear;see;notice;feel;watch;obs

9、erve;find等后面可接动词原形;现在分词及过去分词，考试一般考查宾补用do/doing/done的哪种形式。+动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在主动关系及动作的全过程;+现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在主动关系,及动作正在进行;+过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在被动关系,及动作已经完成.如:,1.I must see my child cross the street.（cross 与宾语 my child 之间存在主动关系；且看到了cross 的全过程）2.I saw the thief stealing her money.(stealing与宾语 the thief 之间存在主动关系；且与

10、 saw 同时发生。）3.You will see many problems settled in this way.(settled与宾语 many problems之间存在被动关系,且发生在 see 之前）,1The teacher made the boy standing for a whole class as a punishment.2.They saw a young man enter the old building.3.He saw an old man knocked by a big truck yesterday.4.We had built and let th

11、e raft sail down the river 5.But I could see a man lying on the floor,tied up with rope.6.And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat.,找出句中的宾补：,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imp

12、orted from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明2：不定式、

13、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,(六)挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.,7)状语（adverbial）,用

14、以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语),John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very m

15、uchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.,状 语,(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face

16、.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The stud

17、ents followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,英语句子种类与类型,审校：王伟,英语句子种类与类型,I、句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句II、句子类型（按句子结构分）简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,提 纲,I、句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句,1、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。She arrived early.She cannot have arrived now.注：1）半否定句I hardl

18、y know anything about it.2）部分否定句与全否定句I dont like both the films.I like neither Cathy nor Mary.3)否定转移I dont think it will be very cold today.(believe,expect,suppose,imagine),I、句子种类,2、疑问句 有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。,I、句子种类,1）一般疑问句 用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或 no，注意语序。Have you anything to say?Did someone phone me l

19、ast night?Cant you understand it?Isnt it a beautiful lake?-Havent you been to the UK?-No,I havent.,2）特殊疑问句 疑问词有who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。,I、句子种类,（1）陈述语序Who was the first man in space?（2）倒装语序Who are you talking about?,注：A、简略式 Why not go alone?Why get so angry?How/What about taking a re

20、st?B、复杂特殊疑问句 What do you think he has done?,I、句子种类,3）选择疑问句(1)以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础Which do you prefer,red wine or white?How shall we go there?By bus or by train?,I、句子种类,4）反义疑问句 问：+，-？或-，+？答：+，+.或-，-.,1.Tom hardly knows Fre

21、nch,_ _?2.Mary didnt fail her exam,did she?-_,she didnt.3.He used to live in Leeds,_ he?4.Lets go to the match at once,_ we?Leave me alone,_ you?5.No one was hurt,_ _?6.There is no doubt()about it,_ _?,3、祈使句 表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用原形。,I、句子种类,1）带第二人称的祈使句 Be quiet,please.Dont make any noise!You call a taxi.D

22、ont you forget it.(强调)Give me a hand,will/wont/would/wouldn you?2）带第一、三人称的祈使句 Let me try again.Lets go.Let us go.Lets not say anything about it./Dont lets say Let him be here by 10 oclock.,I、句子种类,3、祈使句,注意：1、加强语气 Do be careful of my broken leg.Do let me have another try.2、祈使句的省略式 A:Shall I open the w

23、indow?B:Yes,please do./No,please dont.A:Shall we watch the game?B:Yes,lets.,4、感叹句 由what 或how引导的，表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。,I、句子种类,What a cute baby it is!What fine weather we have today!What a good time we had last night!How foolish she is!How clearly you speak!How clever a boy he is!*What a dirty room,_ _?What

24、 interesting films,_ _?,I、句子种类,5、THERE-BE存在句,There is a clock on the table.Once there lived a king called Lear.There goes the bell!Here come the bus.Here he comes.There used to be a village at the foot of the mountain.There is certain to be a heavy rain tonight.There seems to be some misunderstandin

25、g.There is a baby crying in the next door.There being no bus,we had to walk home.,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,(按句子结构分),简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen a

26、pologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!,句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：,二、句子类型,1、简单句 只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。,All roads lead to Rome.He got up,dressed quickly,washed himself and went out.Is he a superman?Dont be shy.Have a try.The man dressed in black seems to

27、 be a spy.The weather became warmerThe machine works smoothly,1、简单句,He enjoys reading.We elected Li Yang our monitor.The news made us sad.I found myself in dark.,He brings me cookies every day.He brings cookies to me every day.She bought me a beautiful skirt.She bought a beautiful skirt for me.,1、简单

28、句,用 to 侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用 for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,there+be+主语用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般

29、地说，全句意为：“某地有某物/某人。”,如：There are about four thousand students in our school.,温馨提示：学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。请观察下列句子：,有两个男孩儿正在等你。2.公园里每天有很多人做早操。,There are two boys are waiting for you.,错,改为,There are two boys waiting for you.,There are many people do exercises in the park every morning.,错,改为,Many people do e

30、xercises in the park every morning.,特别说明1.be 与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，有时态和情态变化。2.此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live，stand，come，go，lie，remain，exist，arrive等不及物动词。,典型例句 There are still many things for us to do.There are many students holding an opposite view.There are trees planted by students all over the mountain.,There ar

31、e many people who dont agree.There will be a meeting tomorrow.There used to be a well in the village.,There must be some job I could do.There is likely to be a serious mistake in the decision.There happens to be a classmate of mine in this school.,(10)Near our school there stands a high building.(11

32、)Once there lived a good doctor in a small town.,复习简单句：对下列句子的成份进行划分,.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a lo

33、ng letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：（1）Who knows the answer?（2）She smiled her thanks.（3）He has refused to help them.（4）He enjoys reading.（5）I am considering changing my job next month.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：(1)She ord

34、ered herself a new dress.(2)She cooked her husband a delicious meal.(3)I gave my car a wash.(4)He showed me how to run the machine,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave

35、 any message for me?,找出例句(2)-(8)宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系 The news made us sad.I found myself in dark.,He encouraged me to study harder.The boss made him work overtime.I heard my name called.,Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,复习简单句：对下列句子

36、的成份进行划分,.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接

37、宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。,连接成分,并列句：,复合句：,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a th

38、ing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or the

39、y will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句）

40、，用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,

41、that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fatherwas working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished hi

42、s work.whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.,宾语从句,*I understand that he is well qualified.*He sai

43、d that he didnt like her.I dont know if you can help me.They want to know where you are going.The students has decided when they hold the meeting.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he saidwhat he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room.

44、who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,1)主语从句,*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2)定语从句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said he knew the boy who was s

45、itting by the window.,The picture which is on the wall is drawn by my father.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.,2）表语从句,*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace her?*Th

46、e reason is that he has lied to me several times.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,P

47、ut the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1)时间状语从句,Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/unt

48、il,when,while,as soon as,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,

49、that,5)目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that,6)条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condition that,常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,7)让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument

50、.,常用的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how,常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as,8)方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9)程度状语从句,So long as you need me,Ill stay.,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,