(陕西)(龙门亮剑)2011高三英语一轮课件 语法探究(7)外研版.ppt
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1、语法探究(7)非谓语动词,1.高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查,试题的特征将断续呈现出情景化和设问角度的多样化的趋势。2不定式的命题着眼点仍将放在对不定式的时态、语态的考查,对不定式在句中作不同句子成分的考查,对不定式符号to的省略及替代作用的考查上。,3动名词的考查主要从以下三个方面:动名词的句法功能和形式变化以及动名词与不定式的区别。4分词的时态和语态、分词的句法功能、分词的逻辑主语、分词与不定式的区别仍会是高考命题的热点。,一、不定式的句法功能1作主语不定式可以作主语。作主语时常用it代替,把不定式放在后面。It seemed a pity to have wasted so much
2、time.真遗憾浪费了这么多时间。,2作宾语作宾语时也可用it代替,把不定式放到后面。I find it difficult to speak English fluently.我发现流利地说英语很难。,3作宾语补足语不定式作宾补的情况很多,常用的动词有advise,allow,ask,beg,command,cause,expect,encourage,force,get,hate,intend,invite,instruct,like,order,oblige,prefer,persuade,permit,promise,press,request,tell,want,wish,remin
3、d,warn等,在这些动词之后,不定式作宾语补足语。,We allow you to enter the hall.我们允许你进入这个大厅。但不定式在某些感觉动词(feel,hear,listen to,watch,look at,notice,observe)和使役动词(let,have,make)后作宾语补足语时,省去to,但在被动语态中to不可省。,Didnt you hear anyone say anything about it?你难道没有听到任何人谈过这件事情吗?动词think,consider,find,believe,suppose,know,understand,take后
4、,不定式作宾补时,常用to be结构。I consider him to be an honest man.I consider him honesty.我认为他是一个诚实的人。,4作表语His wish is to become an artist.他的愿望是成为一名艺术家。5作定语I am looking for a house to live in.The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important.明天将要讨论的问题很重要。Our monitor is always the first to reach school.,6作状语
5、不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。表结果常用only to do,enough to do,too.to等句型。表目的常用in order to,so as to,so形容词/副词as to,such名词as to等结构,但so as to只能放在主句之后。with/withoutn.不定式常作原因状语。,He worked hard only to fail.他努力工作,结果失败了。(结果)The friends were pleased to see each other again.朋友很高兴又见面了。(原因)Check your homework so as to avoid mi
6、stakes.检查你的家庭作业以避免错误。(目的),7how,when,where,what,which,who,whether等疑问词动词不定式的用法。“疑问词不定式”除保持其原有的动词性质之外,又增添了名词的性质。因此,可以像名词一样在句中作动词的宾语,作介词的宾语,作主语、表语、宾补、同位语及后置定语等。必要时,疑问词前也可加上介词。,He showed me how to paint.他指导我如何作画。The question is whom to invite.问题是邀请谁。We are looking for the key with which to unlock the doo
7、r.我们正在找开门的钥匙。,8独立成分不定式短语可以作为独立成分放在句子前面、中间和末尾。常见的有:to be frank(坦率地说),to hear him talk(听他说话的样子),to tell you the truth(说实话),to be exact(准确地说),to cut a long story short(长话短说),to begin with(首先)。To begin with,I think you were wrong.开始,我认为你错了。,二、不定式的各种形式不定式有进行体,完成体;主动语态,被动语态;肯定式,否定式;还可以是这些形式的综合形式。He preten
8、ded to be reading when the teacher came in.老师进来时他假装正在看书。(进行体)He seemed to have known the result.他似乎已知道结果。(完成体),No one likes to be looked down upon.没有人喜欢被别人看不起。(被动语态)He asked us not to make so much noise.他叫我们不要这么吵。(否定式)She is said to have been sent to work in Tibet.据说她已被派往西藏工作。(完成被动形式),但表示愿望的动词如expec
9、t,intend,wish,want,mean,suppose等用过去完成时加不定式或用过去式加不定式的完成时态时,可以表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。would like/love等后接不定式的完成时态时表过去没有实现的愿望。,I intended to have helped you,but I was very busy at that time.我本打算帮助你,但我那时很忙。Id love to have returned the book to the library yesterday,but I left it at home.我很想昨天把书还给图书馆,但我把书留在家里了。,三、不定式
10、的省略1为了避免重复,在hope,wish,want,like,love,plan need,mean,forget,have to,be going to,used to,ought to等动词后再次出现与前面相同的不定式时可以省去而只留下不定式符号to,不定式在afraid,anxious,able,glad,willing等形容词后面也可省略,但不定式的完成形式中的have和一般式中的to be 不省略。,Dont stop until you have to.不到不得已的时候不要停下。Hasnt he finished writing the report?No,but he ough
11、t to have.,2在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,do anything but/except,cant help but,cant choose but后面动词不定式省略。Id rather stay here than go home.我宁愿呆在这也不愿回家。There is nothing to do except wait until the rain stops.除了等雨停没有别的办法。,四、不定式的主动形式表被动1不定式作定语时,若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时,则可以用主动式表示被动。I have a lot of
12、 homework to do.我有许多家庭作业要做。但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,意思不同。Have you anything to be sent?你有要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”。),2形容词easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,nice,dangerous,comfortable,exciting,funny,heavy,important,good,interesting等后面接不定式作状语时,常用主动形式表被动意义。This book is easy to read.这本书很容易读。T
13、he picture is good to look at.这幅画看起来令人舒心。,3在too.to.中,不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。,There is nothing to do.无事可做,感到十分乏味。There is nothing to be done.某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。The plane is too far away to see.飞机太远了看不见。,五、分词的用法1作定语分词作定语可放在名词之前或之后,现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行
14、,过去分词作定语时及物动词一般表示完成或被动概念,不及物动词只表完成概念。a flying bird(a bird that is flying),a destroyed house(a house that has been destroyed),fallen leaves(leaves that have fallen),2作状语分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状态等。还可以使用“连词ing分词/ed分词”的形式,如when/while/before/after/sinceing分词/ed分词和with/withoutO.ing分词/ed分词作状语。Being a studen
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