MRSA感染抗菌药物学习班讲义文档资料.ppt
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1、0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,1,基本知识和耐药机制,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,2,MRSA-耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,Multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureusOxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusCommunity-acquired MRSA(CA-MRSA)Hospital-acquired MRSA(HA-MRSA),MRSA是一种对甲氧西林和苯唑西林、青霉素和阿莫西林等-内酰胺类(到目前为止)抗生素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,其他名称包括:,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,3,最常见
2、的多重耐药微生物(MDROs),MRSA,VISA,VRSA。VRE耐万古霉素肠球菌:Vancomycin-resistant EnterococcusMDRTB多重耐药结核杆菌:Multi-drug resistant tuberculosisQRGC:Quinolone-resistant gonococcusESBL超广谱-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum beta-lactamases)resistance seen in E.coli and KlebsiellaPRP青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌、PISP青霉素中敏肺炎链球菌AmpC 非发酵菌(铜、不动)金属酶 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌
3、,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,4,金葡菌耐药性的出现时间(年),Chambers,EID 7:178-182,2001,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,5,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,6,MRSA-mechanism,MSSA,MRSA,New peptidoglycan,Cross-linked wall,PBPs 1,2,3,New peptidoglycan,Cross-linked wall,PBPs 1,2,3,PBP 2青霉素结合蛋白2,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,7,金葡菌 为什么如此让我们担心?,致病性PathogenicityCommuni
4、ty infectionsFuruncles(boils),carbuncles,endocarditis,toxic shock传播性TransmissibilityColonized(in addition to infected)persons sources of transmission耐药性ResistanceDecreasing treatment options,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,8,金葡菌感染的病理生理,定植Colonization局部感染Local infection全身播散.脓毒症Systemic dissemination and/or sepsis
5、转移病灶Metastatic infection毒血症Toxinosis,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,9,毒力因子Virulence Factors,MRSA,VRSA,and VISA share all of the same virulence factors with antibiotic susceptible S.aureus.Additionally,VISA strains show longer doubling times and reduced autolytic activitiesVRSA and MRSA produce penicillin bindin
6、g proteins 2 and 2Reduced cross linking in cell walls through glutamine amidation.,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,10,CA-MRSA 携带PVL基因,117 CA-MRSA 株 33 美国67 欧洲(61 法国 6 瑞士)17 太平洋(Australia,New Zealand,Western Samoa)多分离自皮肤和软组织感染所有菌株携带Panton-Valentine leukocidin位点不同地区携带其他不同的毒素基因,Vandenesch et al.Emerging Infectious
7、Diseases Vol.9,No.8 August 2003,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,11,PVL与 原发性皮肤感染和肺炎,172 SA检测 PVL 基因93%疖(furunculosis)、85%重症坏死性出血性肺炎(severe necrotic hemorrhagic pneumonia)55%蜂窝组织炎(cellulitis),50%皮肤脓肿(cutaneous abscess),23%骨髓炎(osteomyelitis),13%指节感染(finger-pulp infection)Not detected:infective endocarditis,mediasti
8、nitis,hospital-acquired pneumonia,urinary tract infection,enterocolitis,toxic-shock syndrome,Lina et al.Clin Infect Dis November 1999,既往健康的14 例CA-MRSA11 皮肤或软组织感染2 死于坏死性肺炎(necrotizing pneumonia)均检测出PVL(Panton-Valentine leukocidin)基因 Dufour et al.Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:000000,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,12,MR
9、SA传播,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,13,金葡菌定植Staphylococcus aureus Colonization,人自然携带Humans natural reservoirAnterior nares30-50%healthy adults colonized at any one time60%colonized intermittently20%persistently colonized20%never colonizedAxillae,vagina,pharynx,damaged skin,rectumHands,intact skin colonized tran
10、sientlyClearance of nasal colonization eliminates hand,skin carriage,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,14,From:Kluytmans et al.Clin Microbiol Rev,July 1997,不同人群鼻部金葡菌定植率Rates of S.aureus nasal carriage in various populations,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,15,大多数的革兰阳性菌:如肠球菌(包括耐V万古霉素肠球菌VRE)、金黄色葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌MRSA)、化脓性链球菌等,都能在干燥
11、环境中存活数月之久。,环境中细菌存活时间,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,16,葡萄球菌和肠球菌在织物和其他表面存活时间,J Clin Microbiol.2000 February;38(2):724726,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,17,表 与临床相关的细菌在干燥环境中的保存时间,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,18,MRSA 可见于任何地方,The 5 csCrowdingFrequent skin-to-skin ContactCompromised skin(i.e.cuts or abrasions)Contaminated items and surfac
12、esLack of Cleanliness,Common locationsSchoolsDormitories宿舍Military barracksHouseholdsCorrectional facilitiesDaycare centers,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,19,比一比,看一看,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,20,MRSA 在医务人员中定植,6.2%of HCWs were found to be nasal carriers of MRSA in a 600-bed hospital 4 of 10 MRSA-positive HCWs studied h
13、ad transmitted to family membersEveillard et al,Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Hospital Employees:Prevalence,Duration,and Transmission to Households,Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2004 Feb;25(2):114-20,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,21,MDROs的传播,直接接触与间接接触人-人传播尤其是手接触污染的环境呼吸道飞沫 直接.间接:
14、环境被呼吸道飞沫污染,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,22,与金黄色葡萄球菌感染或定植者皮肤-皮肤接触接触有黄色葡萄球菌的物品或物体表面皮肤开放性病变居住(住院)环境拥挤卫生条件差尤其是手卫生,Incubation period from exposure to infection depends on many factors,传播方式,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,23,医院内获得性MRSA,85%MRSA感染发生在医疗机构医院外2/3发生在福利院、家庭护理、透析中心和诊所在医院内20%的血流感染由金黄色葡萄球菌引起,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,24,金葡菌医院内传
15、播Transmission/Pathogenesis Nosocomial MRSA,抗生素,阴性病人,定植,感染,皮肤破损侵入性设施,免疫抑制,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,25,社区获得性MRSA,Community Associated MRSA(CA-MRSA):MRSA 感染是指过去一年内没有住院或者没有如透析、手术、留置导管等医疗操作的人员感染MRSA。CDC发生在基于社区的环境社区分离株更敏感,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,26,CA-MRSA监测定义,入院48小时内培养分离到MRSA(如果住院)一年内无住院史No history of hospitalizati
16、on in past year一年内无手术史No history of surgery in past year一年内无住福利院史No history of long-term care in past year一年内无透析史No history of dialysis in past year 无持久的留置导管史或侵入性医疗设施操作No permanent indwelling catheters or percutaneous medical devices 以前未感染或定植MRSA No prior history of MRSA infection or colonization,08
17、08,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,27,CA-MRSA,与医院MRSA的差异Clinical Skin and soft tissue infectionsEpidemiology Children and young adults,summertime Prisons,IVDU,sports teams,aboriginal populationsPhenotype Mono-resistant/non-MDR,rapid growthGenotype Type IV SCCmec gene,PVL and other virulence factors,PFGE patterns,Epid
18、emiologyNo national surveillanceEmerged in 1980s,increasing,epidemic levels?PathogenicityMore pathogenic,transmissible than HA-MRSADifferent from CA-MSSA?Risk factorsLimited studies suggest few identifiable risk factorsAntibiotic use usually not a risk factor,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,28,CA-MRSA的医院内传播,Hosp
19、ital Transmission of CA-MRSA among Postpartum WomenDepartments of Pediatrics,Columbia University,New York8 women skin and soft-tissue MRSA infections mean time of 23 days(range,4-73 days)after delivery4 cases of mastitis(3 progressed to breast abscess),a postoperative wound infection,cellulitis,pust
20、ulosisIdentical by PFGE to CA-MRSA strain MW2Route of transmission not discovered:cultures from employees of the hospital,the hospital environment,and newborns negativeSaiman et al.Clin Infect Dis.2003 Nov 15;37(10):1313-9,0808,湘雅医院感染控制中心吴安华,29,CA-MRSA 监测 Minnesota 1996-98,Cases from 10 hospitals354
21、 patients(median age,16 years)299(84%)skin infections103(29%)hospitalizedMore than 90%of isolates susceptible to all agents tested,with exception of-lactams and erythromycin334 treated,282(84%)initially treated with agents to which their isolates were nonsusceptible174 tested,150(86%)1 PFGE clonal g
22、roupNaimi et al.Clin Infect Dis October 2001,4,612 patients with S.aureus identified at 10 sentinel sites(total number S.aureus unavailable at two sites)1164(25%)were MRSA(range 10-50%)994(85%)were HA-MRSA133(11%)were CO-MRSA(range 4-50%)after patient interview*37(3%)not enough information to classi
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