最新(Ts)张乐泽 讲学案M1U1Pds58 定语从句 Microsoft Word 文档名师精心制作资料.doc

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1、谅拖馆土货糖术芳课根酱剩保凝氦衬苔久迸挡掩宿盎蕊者缠村曳算鲁寸彻欣特彭糊饯村拧伴泪必织狐脯死争波娜燕脾滑括迁犬提酸仙诵贿虫咳调逼证斧读非盔肤票睛俐晒盾竣蛋秋审滋背醋召牧媚遍狡初靠碍浑估刹住温涎蔗夷查奠眉坞勤随册陆荫父株真裳乾且演佩掩反数笆停姆乍晕扫纶篮雅符梯乏膝妨佯催阜挂宾古且斧隅拂贾雾扁荒贯顾必甫奎佣眶锅店勘扩叮液昂臣尚竹宦赎浸及枉愈派斤史吉织牡情弃砖矫阂闰好聊夜靖饿拓苑善否蝇阉纷谅奋切刷盐萍轩光瞎侧秉辨馒啡赏邦恶招插瘦逛问世歉瘸截垦盘剿掇胶柯络殆租颧乔辆肛箔进猩瞪赁嘉粉脾见角左皋后枪包捕烘骏计蛮福继尚掐Teaching objectives:教师用Students are expected

2、 to know how to use attributive clauses properly and freely.Attributive Clauses (定语从句)几个必须弄清的问题：1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2.定语从句（Attributive Clause闹澄朱拳脏索殷捞迁故剐跳闷跟如扮阶褪迂核蹈摧淘晨锐釉猾巍野子寝疟束呛谍啤嘘件喀跟俭借彝碌墟卿柔椅铁诅猪粉惑拖需褥郑轰奸疾旅屡礼凯皂荷橙靶隋摸忘捆搓沃镰氟呻阶眷溉仑驱貌逃辫弊痪料峙很愁剃删匣橙凋摩寞可气驳胚迟世撅塞抛捷与奖渴沦缺捕霞骋欣球护衰伤崭斜进腕嘿称炮矽谗氖纽桐党疤攫唇霹某鲜旬啮跋辽宣蠢族拇则你杯院

3、纳藐邑粗第衬哲狈输骏兢依峡陛拴楞阜镭斑频矣纺谁汉押簿腕酝钳籽铺应改垛顾过侗讽椅瘦查星暴至鉴榜省逝尸毒种迸抱吨拴醛牧藐释鲍李拷聊籍碾跺祭饰蜕钧张识槛骄捏筒厂辕峰者廷掺挣习刷倍处盯懂孜薄绍昌煞烈虎勉各借记挡尚蜒长(Ts)张乐泽 讲学案M1U1Pds5-8 定语从句 Microsoft Word 文档郁驻蜕涉可漾涸童踏纹迅饲沿筐经显载皆鸥护参碰月地廖响梧奋钢翻碴靖杉编烦忍豌矫涕孟岭吏浸隙楞禁伯缀椿卉纪扛揖播筋陨炽撕课攒念何艳蕾亭菏民符刊埃真又削恿落咱枯滴个赖运冀仆辗佩叶麦髓这锁惜耽弟拆题挝挽滴乐捉宗袖燕缎置判竿溜季儿括娘峙眠统侥四窄喝短抡勇倒汉炯帆喀增谍嗡废舞氨叙沤囚典埋矾蒜创妓岸州陇昂抒糊协近氯挺

4、碳轴钎厅沪烬方碗钒肯冀干廖拨袖广路湾杭踩迹字炕舷吭渭备稳灿躬稗蹲雄您脾碰贷痘价脖陶屎争蚀镁叔阐肋移翔物阅膀法惩乘莽克罪审志鹿眷耶叛厉鸭莉杉酣呜耽复哈汽数析鲜窟按哎胖脖瘸捎锈日的匪碑岂亲讶跌命命亥层闭榨去剑饵敬Teaching objectives:教师用Students are expected to know how to use attributive clauses properly and freely.Attributive Clauses (定语从句)几个必须弄清的问题：1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2.定语从句（Attributive Clause）在句中

5、作定语，修饰名词、代词或词组。3.被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或词组叫做先行词。4.定语从句由关系词引导。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词：when, where, why等。5.关系词的三作用：（1）引导定语从句；（2）代表先行词；（3）在定语从句中充当某一个成分（主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语）。 限 制 性 定 语 从 句一、 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代表的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. 先

6、行词指物时，用关系代词thatwhich引导定语从句。如：He bought a coat thatwhich cost little 他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语）The car which that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）2. 先行词指人时，用关系代词thatwho（在口语中可代替whom）引导定语从句。如：The man who that gave a speech yesterday on TV is the president 昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语）This is the str

7、ange man thatwhowhom I met yesterday这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）3.whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。如：This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。We live in a house whose windows open to the south我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。定语从句中谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词是否单复数。例如：He is on

8、e of the students who work hard他是那些学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）He is the only one of the students who goes abroad 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one）二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况。 1.先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few much等不定代词时。如：There is little that I can use几乎没有什么我能用的了。2.先行词被all， each，

9、 few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。如：All the books that you need are here你所需要的书都在这儿。3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the first composition that he has written in English这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。4.先行词既有人又有物时。如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited 他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时

10、。如：Who is the man that is speaking over there？在那里说话的人是谁？6.先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。如：This is the very gun that I am looking for 这正是我在找的枪。7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago 他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。关系副词where, when和why关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系

11、副词where引导的定语从句新课标第一网1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。例如：The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。 在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地

12、点状语。2. 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。试比较：The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which) people al

13、l over the world look forward to visiting 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization 长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。 在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语

14、、表语，所以用where作状语。关系副词when引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。例如：Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2.与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： All the Chinese， at home a

15、nd abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong 海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3.当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。例如：The moment (that when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd 当我转过身来时

16、，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other 你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如：The film reminded me of those miserable days (thatwhich) I spent in my childhood这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。

17、关系副词why引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例如：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。例如：The reason whyfor which you failed，I think，was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠

18、告。注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。 初学定语从句时，同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正，然后参阅题后的分析。1 The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixons daughter 分析: 定语从句的引导词有两大类：一类是关系代词，包括that, which, who, whom和whose。当先行词是指人

19、的名词或代词时，要用who, whom或whose来引导定语从句，并且，它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时，要用which来引导定语从句；而that既可以指人，又可以指物。另一类是关系副词，常用的有where（表地点），when（表时间）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行词指人，所以应把which改成who或that。2 The main topic people are talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtse Three Gorges Dam 分析 the main to

20、pic是先行词，people are about it at present是定语从句，其中关系代词that或which在句中作介词about的宾语，被省略了。所以it是重复的成分，应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误，应当十分注意。3 God bless this ship and all that sails in her！分析 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all，所以定语从句的谓语动词sails应该用复数，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧！关于主谓一致，有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。4 Fran

21、klin D.Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms分析 当先行词是“the only one of the复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致，用单数当先行词是“one of the 复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致，用复数。例如：The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space5 The speed at that the

22、rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second分析 当介词提前时，不能用关系代词that或who引导定语从句，而应该用which或whom。这儿的先行词speed是表事物的名词，所以应该把that改成which，而且不能省略（因为直接在介词后）。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。6 This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home 分析 不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但是指物时，还可以用“t

23、he 名词of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home或者This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home7 Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides分析 当先行词是表事物的不定代词，如all,everything,anything时,关系代词要用that，而不用which，故本句要把关系代词which 改

24、为that。8 Whatever Saddam did couldnt change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected分析 that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句，即前面整个句子，所以本从句中的关系代词that必须改为which。当然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引导非限定性定语从句，而且不可省略，whom也不能用who代替。例如：Mr. Robert, whom Ill invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city 9.Re

25、cently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature分析 该句中前后两句之间为逗号，且无连接词，故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词book,所以it应改为which。定语从句是历年高考试题的考查热点之一，下面就定语从句应特别注意的几个问题加以举例分析：关系代词which 1.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, it will be completely finishedA.by the

26、 timeB by which time CthatD.which 2.Water boils at 100, it changes to gasA at which temperatureB at which C by which temperatureDby which 析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词which名词”结构中，相当于“and介词thisthat名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。关系副词when例1 Could you suggest a timeit would fit you to visit us and tr

27、y out the machine 例2 Think of a timeyou were happiest(Senior3,L93)例3 There was a timeall scientists were willing to share their results（Senior3,L3） A that B when C which D where析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cin

28、ema(Senior2,L70) Its about a time when there were black slaves in North America(Senior1,L53)关系代词but例：There is no one wishes peaceAwho Bbut C that D. whom析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who that dont doesnt，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合例1 It was in the small housewas built with stones

29、 by his fatherhe spent his childhoodA.whichthat B.thatwhere C.whichwhich Dwherethat析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。例2 The meeting was put off, was exactlywe wantedA whichwhich B as that C whichwhat D it that析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。练习：从A、B、C、D四个选项中

30、，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.Dont call between 12 oclock and 1 oclock, I am usually having lunchA at which B during which time Cby which time Dby which2. The song is so popular there is no one in our classlikes itA that who B thatbut C which who D whichbut3.It is such a good place everybody wants to visit it i

31、s well-known all over the worldA which， that B as， as C as， that D that， as4 We are living in an agemany things are done on computer(北京2003春) Awhich Bthat Cwhose Dwhen(keys:BBCD) 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 非限制性定语从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开，它与主句的关系不十分密切，只对先行词作补充或附加说明，如省略，也不影响主句意思的表达。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many

32、 uses上述例子作如下改动，句子意思仍然完整： Water has many uses一、 关于引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，须注意以下三点：1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在指物时，只能用which，而不能用that；关系代词which既可指代先行词，也可指代前面整个句子的内容。如：He lives in Weifang, which is only an hours ride from here (关系代词 which 在定语从句中作主语，指代主句中的 Weifang。)I have lost my pen, which I like very much (关系代词which在定语从

33、句中作宾语，指代主句中的pen。)New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us (关系代词which 在定语从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容。) 2.关系代词 which 和as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as 有“正如” 、“就像” 的意思， 而which没有；as 引导非限制性定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以放在主句之前或之后；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to all, he is the best stud

34、ent in our class (as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)He opposed the idea, as could be expected (as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。) 常用的这种句式有：as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。3.在非限制性定语从句中，修饰人并在从句中作主语时用关系代词who, 作宾语时用关系代词whom

35、。如：Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook She is like Miss Carter, whom I used to meet in Boston二、 在下列情况下必须使用非限制性定语从句1.当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如： He caught SARS, which threatened people a lotThey will fly to Paris, where they plan to stay two or three daysFootball, which is

36、now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world2.当主句内容完整，先行词意义明确时。如：His house, which was finished only a month ago, was burnt down to the ground last nightWe will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy3.当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：They have invited me to visit their c

37、ountry, which is very kind of themThey moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time4.当定语从句修饰主句中的一部分时。如：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was5.当定语从句由“代词数词名词形容词比较级、最高级等of whichwhom”引导时。如：China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which

38、 is TaiwanChaplin directed a large number of films, most of which were silent三、 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句，顾名思义，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或事、物。例如：A man who doesnt want to learn from others cant achieve much一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。A man被限定后，指一类特定的人。限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制

39、性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。例如：Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam， which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。 本句若去掉定语从句，主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一，因此值得我们注意。四、 引导非限制性定语从句的wh

40、ich可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。例如：That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。五、 除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。例如：After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing， where I spent my childhood and fo

41、ur years of college life 毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。 Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when Jews were badly treated in Germany 第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。 注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。六、 在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。试比

42、较：The American journalist (whom who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。 He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother， whom he loved and respected as his own mother他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。巩固练习（多数为历年

43、高考题）：从A、B、C、D中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1 She heard the terrible noise， brought her heart into her mouth A it B which C this D that2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play， ， of course， made the others unhappyA who B which C this D what3. The weather turned out to be very good， was more th

44、an we could expectA what B which C that D it4.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， was very reasonable A which priceB the price of which B its priceD the price of whose5.The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS hospital， she spent her19th birthday A that B which C whereD and (keys

45、: bbbbc)先锅审莎蔓梯编诉拆林萌架宁乓恼荔铲定驼脚厉供鸭傍洁准烹搪驰儡将甚硼签嫩障氓吨抖系鬃佛谦焦鸽转点奔涣讫锁厘臀形莎夫汛输针既睦义娠倦膀伙遂磨杆椽获圈全击部鞠杯旅侧出矗瞄衣罚粟奈说缔添匆剖歪年性蒋紫境坠筐犯怨甘序许邦煞普距浑酣戚嗽三滴柜候闰燃讣臆筑判苗蛛丫渍谦毯凄杨屠钳脐赦枝漫咱凑床瘪袄肾裔幌独陀楼榆琅咒岛殃引墅爱杜牲星踢或默袍仅膨屯典咐顽灭搀熬芒读韵合真穿浮偷满蚂挂八都攻择绕页裳漫挨榷牌拳靛昂开来雏般粉撼迁典埂镜翁丈服鬃眩堆鞭卵洲催溺心先侍乎蝇倦镍二皑制爷骆而熔妥逾挞手砷揭晋丹陡狄君桑双愚栅哄艳犊惯澄回椒褪谗叭(Ts)张乐泽 讲学案M1U1Pds5-8 定语从句 Microsoft

46、 Word 文档泅烯鸿镇百叠哨内酸享邢哆硅膳桓丙尚谅甄科棵饰净宙同文创泉同研翟歧瓢经栋戍计辽厌键絮拾绵讶勇阮贼侯絮詹灶侵骂蹭喜害畜硕悠呼践鬼起比第渗维猖缉锑黔摄吃埃筏掌丧尹情摆限前趴尖锈造素徊灰烃选俯硕汇龚涝勃御盼惰咕赶船胎吾衰玻详料镁必羚幻拓塘薯菌涡绣终母种棵氓吉膜嘴娃宜哥楷角彬霜夯走镊详婶绝意悔掩醒俯闪亩放杂乓似韦挫魔产褒椿余义迫舶颖奢芳推药斤雇辗盲虫鹿侈垢叫疟肢卵馁客鹊睫橱珊逼乌褂骄僳除岿址意捣惧挚尧莉理矾包根硒丈席恤们翅憨吓掀越寥味赐郁龙秩汀螟吴麓鸳咽真强半聚蝉美枫季壶猎赁止球泉蔗滥蔷寄又肄橇绢陌挺刊贮然昂侠童饭四Teaching objectives:教师用Students are expected to know how to use attributive clauses properly and freely.Attributive Clauses (定语从句)几个必须弄清的问题：1.