最新第32章胰岛素口服降糖药PPT文档.ppt
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1、胰腺 pancreas,糖尿病,分类 型(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,IDDM)自身免疫性疾病 细胞破坏,胰岛素分泌缺乏型(non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,NIDDM)细胞功能低下,胰岛素相对缺乏、胰岛素抵抗(INR),Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is the result of a frank deficiency of insulin.The onset of this disease typically is in childhood
2、.It is due to destruction pancreatic B cells,most likely the result of autoimmunity to one or more components of those cells.Many of the acute effects of this disease can be controlled by insulin replacement therapy.Maintaining tight control of blood glucose concentrations by monitoring,treatment wi
3、th insulin and dietary management will minimize the long-term adverse effects of this disorder on blood vessels,nerves and other organ systems,allowing a healthy life.,Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus begins as a syndrome of insulin resistance.That is,target tissues fail to respond
4、 appropriately to insulin.Typically,the onset of this disease is in adulthood.Despite monumental research efforts,the nature of the defect has been difficult to ascertain-in some patients,the insulin receptor is abnormal,in others,one or more aspects of insulin signalling is defective,and in others,
5、no defect has been identified.Because there is not,at least initially,an inability to secrete adequate amounts of insulin,insulin injections are not useful for therapy.Rather the disease is controlled through dietary therapy and hypoglycemic agents.,糖尿病治疗方法及展望,型糖尿病普通胰岛素替代疗法(猪、牛胰岛素注射)普通胰岛素结构改造(猪胰岛素 链
6、第 30 位的丙氨酸用苏氨酸代替)重组 DNA 技术利用大肠杆菌合成胰岛素,型糖尿病 控制饮食 药物治疗 常用药物种类 磺酰脲类 双胍类-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂 胰岛素增敏剂(罗格列酮、吡格列酮)餐时血糖调节剂(瑞格列奈)胰岛素治疗,第一节 胰岛素,胰岛素的结构分子量为 58kD 的酸性蛋白质由两条多肽链以二硫键共价相连A 链有21个氨基酸残基B 链有30个氨基酸残基。,(1)糖代谢:增加全身组织(脑除外)对葡萄 糖的摄取和利用,减少血糖的来源。,1.加速心肌、骨骼肌和脂肪细胞膜上载体(Glut-4)转运葡萄糖进入细胞内。2.促进肝脏等器官对葡萄糖的氧化和酵解。3.促进肝、肌肉的器官的糖原的合成。4
7、.促进葡萄糖转化为脂肪和氨基酸。5.抑制糖异生:抑制糖异生的关键酶,作用,Insulin-mediated glucose uptake-Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter(GLUT4)to transport glucose into the cell.,糖酵解 糖异生,丙酮酸羧化酶,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸 羧激酶,1,6-二磷酸果糖磷酸酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶,丙酮酸激酶,6-磷酸果糖激酶-1,己糖激酶,血
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