最新:第33章 急性化脓性腹膜炎张海山文档资料.ppt
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1、掌握急性弥漫性腹膜炎的病因、病理生理、临床表现和治疗。熟悉急性弥漫性腹膜炎的非手术治疗和手术治疗的方法熟练掌握腹腔脓肿的诊断和治疗原则。,教学大纲,急 腹 症,急腹症(acute abdomen)是指以急性腹痛为主要表现、需要早期诊断和及时治疗的腹部疾病的总称。具有发病急、进展快、病情重、病因复杂的共同特点。一旦延误诊断,或治疗方法不当将会给病人带来严重危害甚至死亡。,急性化脓性腹膜炎是外科最常见的急腹症,概 要,腹腔脏层腹膜和壁层腹膜的炎症。Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity and is m
2、ost commonly due to a localized or generalized infection.由细菌、化学、物理损伤等引起原发性、继发性弥漫性、局限性,一、腹膜的解剖生理概要,(一)解剖腹膜(Peritoneum)是一层相互连续的很薄的浆膜.分脏层和壁层.脏腹膜(Visceral Peritoneum)覆盖内脏表面,受内脏神经(植物N)支配.对疼痛不敏感定位差,对牵拉膨胀敏感.脏层腹膜受刺激常会伴有恶心、呕吐(迷走神经)壁腹膜(Parietal peritoneum)覆盖于腹壁盆腔内面.受躯体神经(周围N)支配,对疼痛敏感定位准确.,腹腔:大腹腔-壁层和脏层腹膜之间腔隙.,
3、图1 腹膜解剖模式(引于人体解剖彩色图谱人民卫生出版社),腹 膜 腔 大腹膜腔 小腹膜腔(小网膜囊)epiploic foramen Winslow 孔腹膜吸收功能,女性男性,网膜孔,解剖生理概要,小腹腔胃和小网膜后方胰腺前方之间腔隙.经小网膜孔与大腹腔相通.,图2(引自瑞金教学网站),ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY,The peritoneal cavity is subdivided into interconnected compartments or spaces by 11 ligaments and mesenteries.The peritoneal ligamen
4、ts or mesenteries include:the coronary,gastrohepatic,hepatoduodenal,falciform,gastrocolic,duodenocolic,gastrosplenic,splenorenal,and phrenicocolicligaments and the transverse mesocolon and small bowel mesentery.These structures partition the abdomen into nine potential spaces:right and left subphren
5、ic,subhepatic,supramesenteric and inframesenteric,right and left paracolic gutters,pelvis,and lesser space.,Figure 41-10 Peritoneal ligaments and mesenteric reflections in the adult.These attachments partition the abdomen into nine potential spaces:right and left subphrenic,subhepatic,supramesenteri
6、c and inframesenteric spaces,right and left paracolic gutters,pelvis,and omental bursa(shown in inset on right side of illustration).,图3(引于人体解剖彩色图谱人民卫生出版社),网膜(Omentum):大网膜(Greater omentum)连接胃与横结肠悬垂于小肠前,又称胃结肠韧带.小网膜(Lesser omentum)连接肝胃十二指肠的腹膜.,血管:动脉肋间动脉和腹主动脉分支.静脉回流入门静脉和下腔静脉.,腹膜理化特点:扁平间皮细胞、基底膜、浆膜下层、结缔组
7、织、脂肪细胞、巨噬细胞、胶原和弹力纤维。皱襞多,面积1.72m2双向半透性膜正常渗出:淋巴细胞、巨嗜细胞和脱落上皮细胞。,(二)生理功能:,分泌功能每日约分泌150 ml液体润滑内脏.当受刺激时分泌增多.吸收功能有强大的吸收作用可吸收积液,血液,空气.上腹大于下腹.防御功能渗出液中含大量吞噬细胞吞噬侵入的细菌异物.修复功能当腹膜受损时,纤维蛋白渗出沉积形成粘连,防止感染扩散并修复受损组织.但广泛粘连易引起肠梗阻.,The circulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity is driven in part by the movement of
8、the diaphragm.These intercellular pores(termed stomata)communicate with lymphatic pools within the diaphragm.Lymph flows from these diaphragmatic lymphatic channels via subpleural lymphatics to the regional lymph nodes and,ultimately,the thoracic duct.Relaxation of the diaphragm during exhalation op
9、ens the stomata,and the negative intrathoracic pressure draws fluid and particles,including bacteria,into the stomata.Contraction of the diaphragm during inhalation propels the lymph through the mediastinallymphatic channels into the thoracic duct.It is postulated that this“diaphragmatic pump”drives
10、 the movement of peritoneal fluid in a cephaladdirection toward the diaphragm and into the thoracic lymphatic vessels.This circulatory pattern of peritoneal fluid toward the diaphragm and into the central lymphatic channels is consistent with the rapid appearance of sepsis,二.概述,(一).定义 急性化脓性腹膜炎(acute
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