最新药物流行病学实验流行病学PPT文档.ppt
《最新药物流行病学实验流行病学PPT文档.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《最新药物流行病学实验流行病学PPT文档.ppt(80页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、学习目的,实验流行病学的定义实验流行病学的特点实验流行病学的分类实验流行病学的设计实验流行病学的强势与弱势,推荐参考文献吴涛,詹思延,李立明.流行病学实验研究发展历史.中华流行病学杂志 2004;25(7):633-636.,历史,发展,1747年 苏格兰医师James Lind首次对比研究了用桔子、柠檬及其他干预治疗坏血病的疗效,On May 20,1747 he is ready to begin the first clinical nutrition experiment.,group 1 drank one quart of cider a day group 2 gargled w
2、ith sulfuric acid group 3 had two spoonfuls of vinegar,3 times a day group 4 drank 1/2-pint seawater a day group 5 drank barley water group 6 ate two oranges and 1 lemon a day,How did he conduct his experiment?,What happened?Only sailors who ate the oranges and lemon felt better.In fact,in only six
3、days they felt great and were able to start working again.The other sailors in the experiment felt worse.,1816年 法国Hamilton医师首次报道了爱丁堡的一项大型对照实验,评价放血疗法的效果,这是迄今为止有关采用交替法产生对照的最早记载之一。It had been so arranged,that this number was admitted,alternately,in such a manner that each of us had one third of the who
4、le.The sick were indiscriminately received,and were attended as nearly as possible with the same care and accommodated with the same comforts.One third of the whole were soldiers of the 61st Regiment,the remainder of my own(the 42nd)Regiment.Neither Mr Anderson nor I ever once employed the lancet.He
5、 lost two,I four cases;whilst out of the other third treated with bloodletting by the third surgeon thirty five patients died.,1898年 丹麦医师Fibiger通过半随机对照实验验证血清治疗白喉的效果。8 out of 239patients in the serum treated group and 30out of 245in the control group died.No formal statistical analysis was performed
6、but no objection can be raised against the statistical significance of the numbers,which were deemed correct by an inspector of the sick benefit association(in 1900Pearson invented the 2 test,10 which would have shown P=0.0003).The rate of serum sickness was high at 60%.,Tables-2-by-2 unstratified11
7、:44:19,2011-4-22|+-|Total-+-+-+|8 231|239-|30 215|245-+-+-Total|38 446|484Tests of significanceFisher exact test(one tailed):0.000187 Fisher exact test(two tailed):0.000289 Uncorrected chi-square:13.24 p-value:0.000275 Yates corrected Chi-square:12.04 p-value:0.000522 Measures of exposure effect 95%
8、CIRisk ratio:0.27 0.13,0.58Odds ratio:0.25 0.11,0.55Risk difference:-0.09-0.14,-0.04Proportional attributable risk:-2.66-6.82,-0.71Population proportional attr.risk:-0.56-0.76,-0.26,1948年 英国医学研究委员会领导开展了世界第一个临床随机对照实验(Randomized controled Trial,RCT),由英国统计学家Hill评估了链霉素治疗肺结核的疗效。,First“modern”RCT-1948,The
9、 hero was Austin Bradford Hill,Francis TM,Napier JA,Voight RB et al Evaluation of the 1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine Final Report Ann Arbor University Michigan 1957,1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine,Results of vaccine trials,The randomized,controlled experiment,The Observed Contro
10、l study,Source:Thomas Francis,J r.,“An evaluation of the 1954 Poliomyelitis vaccine trials-summary report,”American Journal of Public Health vol 45(1955)pp.1-63.,实验流行病学(experimental epidemiology)以人群为研究对象的实验研究:又称:流行病学实验(epidemiological experiment)干预研究(intervention study),实验流行病学(experimental epidemiol
11、ogy),将来自同一总体的研究人群随机分为实验组和对照组,研究者对实验组人群施加某种干预措施后,随访并比较两组人群的发病(死亡)情况或健康状况有无差别及差别大小,从而判断干预措施效果的一种前瞻性、实验性研究方法。,实验流行病学研究原理示意图,结局,结局+,实验组(干预措施),对照组(对照措施),样本,目标人群,结局+,结局,主要特点对照前瞻干预随机,为什么要设立对照?因果性实验中的对照法则设立对照,为什么要设立对照?影响实验流行病学研究效应的主要因素不能预知的结局霍桑效应(Hawthorne effect)安慰剂效应(placebo effect)潜在的未知因素的影响,设立对照的方式标准方法对
12、照安慰剂对照自身对照交叉对照,随访结局指标前因后果,暴露研究者施加,盲法(blinding)减少研究对象和研究者主观因素的影响(信息偏倚),Just kidding:双盲实验,患者家属:医生,流行病学家采用的双盲试验是这个意思吗?,医生,患者,护士,单盲(single blind),双盲(double blind),三盲(triple blind),开放试验(open trial),不可能实现盲法外科手术锻炼饮食教育,即使是药物也很难完全做到盲法药物的气味、味觉、感觉副作用检验结果对药物进行化验,来自总体的随机抽样人群随机分配到实验组和对照组,控制混杂的方法研究设计阶段随机化限制匹配资料分析阶
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 最新 药物 流行病学 实验 PPT 文档

链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-4608758.html