[人文社科]4TraditionalChineseMedicine.ppt

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1、contents,The History of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe originHistorical figures and their worksThe theory of TCMDiagnostic MethodsTherapies of TCMWestern and Traditional Chinese Medicine comparedThe current situation of TCMProtect our Traditional medicine culture,2,Traditional Chinese Medicine refe

2、rs to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years,including various forms of herbal medicine,acupuncture,massage,exercise(qigong)and dietary therapy.These practices are a common part

3、of medical care throughout East Asia,but are considered alternative in the Western world.,The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as Huang Dis Inner Canon(黄帝内经)and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases(伤寒杂病论),as well as in cosmological notions like Yin-yang（阴阳）and the Fiv

4、e Phases.Starting in the 1950s,these precepts were modernized in the Peoples Republic of China so as to integrate many anatomical(解剖学的)and pathological(病理学的)notions from scientific medicine.Nonetheless,many of its assumptions,including the model of the body,or concept of disease,are not supported by

5、 modern evidence-based medicine.,TCMs view of the body places little emphasis on anatomical structures,but is mainly concerned with the identification of functional entities(which regulate digestion,breathing,aging etc.).While health is perceived as harmonious interaction of these entities and the o

6、utside world,disease is interpreted as a disharmony in interaction.TCM diagnosis consists in tracing symptoms to an underlying disharmony pattern,mainly by palpating the pulse and inspecting the tongue.,Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is an integral part of Chinese culture.It has made great contrib

7、utions to the prosperity of China.Today both of TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China.,6,Origin of TCM,Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）originated with Shen Nong,the celebrated herbal master of ancient China who lived about 6,000 years ago,a time w

8、hich is believed to be the embryo stage in the development of traditional Chinese medicine.,7,Shen Nong,Great books on TCM,Shen Nongs Herbal Classic(神农本草经),prior to the Qin Dynasty records 365 work that sums varieties of medicinal herbs and classifies them into three categories in accordance with th

9、eir respective primary treatments,functions and toxic character.This is the earliest pharmacopoeia ever found in China.But when we talk about the pharmacopoeia,we can not neglect Li shizhens work Compendium of material medica(本草纲目).It is so great that we use it as the basis of the modern TCM.Pharmac

10、opoeia:,f:mkpi:药典 Compendium:kmpendi:m摘要,纲要,8,Famous Mdical Monograf,The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine,Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Disease,Shen Nongs Herbal Classic,Classic on 81 Medical Problems,Historical figures in TCM,十大名医之祖,一、针灸之祖黄帝 二、脉学介导者扁鹊 三、外科之祖华佗 四、医圣张仲景 五、预防医学的介导者

11、葛洪 六、药王孙思邈 七、儿科之祖钱乙 八、法医之祖宋慈 九、药圣李时珍 十、医宗金鉴总修官吴谦,Famous doctors,At the peak of traditional Chinese medicine,there comes forth many brilliant doctors known by the young and the old,such as Bian Que,Hua Tuo,Zhang Zhongjin,Sun Simiao.Their legends inspire us and make us confident of our traditional cul

12、ture.,13,Hua Tuo,Bian Que,Shen Nong,Shen Nong,Shen Nongs Herbal Classic wasnt written by himself,it was finished in Warring States Period or Qin and Han Dynasty timeShen Nong tasted hundreds of grass and found herbsThis book was the earlist extant medical monograph(现存的最早的医学专著）,Huang Di,Huang Di,He i

13、s the earliest ancestor of acupuncture and moxibustion（针灸鼻祖）.It was similar to Shen Nong,Huang Dis Classic of Internal Medicine was also not written by himself.Its said that it might be finished in Qin and Han Dynasty time,Hua Tuo,Hua Tuo,He is the earlist ancestor of surgery,lived in late Eastern H

14、an Dynasty.He was famous for surgical operation and ma fei san(a kind of narcotic made of herbs).He created a body building exercise called five animals exercise，it is based on the movements of tiger,deer,bear,ape(猿）and crane（鹤）.,Bian Que,Bian Que,He is the sphygmology mediator(脉学介导者）of Traditional

15、Chinese Medical Science and lived in Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period.The four diagnostic methods(四诊合参望闻问切）was created by him.,Sun Simiao,Sun Simiao,He is the king of medicine（药王）,lived in Tang Dynasty.He finished the book Golden Prescriptions for Emergencies备急千金方，it was the earliest clin

16、ical medicine encyclopedia(临床医学百科全书）in China.,Zhang Zhongjing,Zhang Zhongjing,He is the herbalist doctor saint(医圣），lived in the Easten Han.He finished the famous medical monograph Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Disease伤寒杂病论.,Ge Hong,He is the mediator of preventive medicine(预防医学介导者），he was bo

17、rn in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and his theory contains the sprout idea(萌芽思想)of immunity.,Song Ci,Song Ci,He is the earliest ancestor of medical jurisprudence(法医之祖)，lived in the Southern Song Dynasty.He wrote the book Record of Redressing Mishandled Cases洗冤全集in which he put forward the method of ident

18、ify direct relative through blood(滴血认亲)，it was a great idea at that time.,Qian Yi,Qian Yi,He is the earliest ancestor of department of pediatrics(儿科鼻祖),lived in Nothern Song Dynasty.He is the author of the first monograph of pediatrics Key to Therapeutic of Childrens Disease小儿药证直诀.,Li Shizhen,Li Shi

19、zhen,Li Shizhen(李时珍)of the Ming Dynasty,whose monumental masterpiece,Compendium of Meteria Medica(本草纲目),includes 1,892 medicinal substances,11,096 prescriptions,and 1,162 illustrations.,扁鹊,宋慈,洗冤录,李时珍,本草纲目,The Theory of TCM,Chinese philosophies always believe that everything including the universe is

20、 interrelated and changing all the time.One has to reach peaceful state of mind and harmony with the surrounding to maintain good health.Any harmful thing done to others will bring long lasting mental and physical damage to self at the end.,37,天人合一,Philosophy:filsfi哲学Interrelate:,ntrlet 相互关联影响Harmon

21、y:h:mni 和睦,融洽,一致;和谐,协调,The Theory of TCM,Human organism is just like a miniature version of the universe.They are inter-related and interplay in the five basic elements,i.e.,wood,fire,earth,gold(or metal)and water.They are constantly interacting in between the opposing and unifying forces-yin and ya

22、ng.Health is achieved when the equilibrium can be maintained or sickness will appear when it is out of balance.This is the basic law that human and nature all have to follow.,38,Miniature:minit 小型的,微小的 Equilibrium:,i:kwlbri:m平衡,均势,Traditional Chinese Medicine believes that disease is basically cause

23、d by the weakening state of a body as a whole.And it cures disease by trying to reinforce and stimulate bodys internal strength.TCM may take longer time to cure a disease but it strengthens the overall health of a patient.,39,Reinforce:,ri:nf:s 加强；充实；使更强烈Stimulate:stimjuleit 刺激;激励 Internal:int:nl内部的

24、,里面的,The Four Traditional Diagnostic Methods,Inspection,Olfaction,Inquiry,Pulse-taking,Methods of treatment in TCM,41,Methods of treatment,Herbal Medicine 中草药Acupuncture 针灸&Moxibustion 灸术,艾灼Cupping 拔火罐Massage 推拿Diet therapy or food therapy 食疗Gua Sha 刮痧 Qigong exercises and Medical Qikong 保健气功 Exerci

25、se therapy（Taijiquan and other Chinese Martial Arts）运动健身疗法,Herbal Medicine 中草药,This is the oldest form of Chinese medicine.This treatment originally required the patient to boil up medicinal plants and other medicinal substances,and drink the resultant liquid.These days Chinese Herbal Medicine is mo

26、re commonly administered in the convenient form of powders that can be dissolved in water,or in the form of pills.Herbal Medicine is usually used to counteract the effects from excessive cold,heat,dampness or dryness,and to restore normal function of the organs.,44,45,Herbal medicine,acupuncture and

27、 moxibustion,47,Thats the XueDao of body above,Acupuncture&Moxibustion,Acupuncture insufficiency or excessiveness),and finally make the diagnosis.Then,the doctor can prescribe the corresponding acupuncture to prevent and cure the diseases by dredging channels,regulating vigor and sap（元气）,balancing Y

28、in and Yang,and harmonizing the functions of the viscera.,Cupping 拔火罐,In this modality,glass or acrylic（丙烯酸）suction(吸入)cups are applied to specific areas of the body.It is a congested(使充血)treatment using a vacuum cup sucked firmly on the skin.Usually,the doctor fires an alcohol sponge（棉）and puts it

29、inside the cup for a short while to make the cup a vacuum one,then he places the vacuum cup instantly over the selected spot of the skin.It is mainly used for conditions that are associated with“stagnation”（淤塞）which often manifests as chronic(慢性)pain,Massage 推拿,Chinese Massage uses a number of techn

30、iques,which are designed to release tightness in tissues(组织),stimulate specific points or areas,and facilitate the flow of Qi.Chinese massages are usually very relaxing,highly invigorating（令人爽快的）or both.。,Diet therapy or food therapy 食疗,It is the preparation of medicinal food dishes,using selected f

31、ood ingredients and superior herbs,to derive the necessary nutrients to treat specific health conditions.This combination of foods and herbs to make medicinal dishes to treat sickness is food therapy.Food therapy is believed to help improve health on a regular basis,prevent seasonal climate related

32、problems,fight early symptoms of health problems,complement the primary treatment and to combat adverse side effects of harsh drugs during sickness,revive and regain vitality after sickness and repair damages and body malfunctions to restore health.,Gua Sha 刮痧,With this treatment,the skin on the bac

33、k,limbs,and other parts of the body is lubricated（被润滑）and then pressured and scraped（刮）with a rounded object(a ceramic spoon（瓷勺）,a piece of jade,or similar object).The method produces sha which are small red petechiae（瘀斑）.Gua Sha can be used to prevent and treat diseases and strengthen the body.Rais

34、ing Sha removes blood stagnation（淤滞）considered pathogenic（病原）,promoting normal circulation and metabolic processes（新陈代谢）.It has a very quick effect on pain and an obvious effect on various diseases caused by functional disharmony of the internal organs.,Qigong exercises and Medical Qikong 保健气功,Medic

35、al Qigong is one of the major branches of Chinese Medicine,designed to re-balance patterns of energetic disharmony.This healing method utilizes special methods of breathing,postures and creative visualization to cleanse,collect,circulate and store ones“life force energy.”Qigong is also widely practi

36、ced by the Chinese today for physical fitness and the prevention of diseases.,Exercise therapy（运动健身疗法）,Taijiquan(太极拳，often Romanized as Tai Chi Chuan)is the name of an internal martial art of Chinese origin.People-play-Tai Chi Chuan to improve ones well being both mentally and physically and so embr

37、ace the spirit of good living Tai Chi when correctly practiced on a regular basis is said to restore vigorous health,improve digestion and raises ones spirits.The Chinese further emphasize that it has the ability to improve the circulation of blood and energy throughout the whole body.,55,56,Herbal

38、medicine,Introduction to TCM,Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine compared,57,Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine compared,Generally speaking,the western and traditional Chinese medicine is essentially different.In principle,western medicine cures disease by using external forces.TCM in ano

39、ther hand attempts to reinforce and stimulate bodys internal strength to cure disease.,External:ekst:nl 外面的,外部的,Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine compared,Western medicine bases on the theory that disease is caused by bacterial and other external means.TCM believes that disease is basically c

40、aused by the imbalance of body.,59,Western medicine is chemical compound while the traditional Chinese medicine is natural.The western medicine works quickly,but it has more side-effect.The traditional Chinese medicine will take more time to work,but it has less side-effect.,Western and Traditional

41、Chinese Medicine compared,It is an element that cure the disease in western medicine,but it is the prescription that works not one element.For example,when we get a high fever,the western doctor will give us some pills which contain paracetamol(扑热息痛),but the traditional Chinese doctor may suggest so

42、me soup of ginger with brown sugar.,61,The current situation of TCM,62,Hospitals in China are classified as specialized in western medical system,TCM or both.TCM is now available to 75%of the areas in China.Now,TCM is under the Ministry of Health of the Peoples Republic of China and the State admini

43、stration of the PRC.TCM and its development are regulated.National strategies,law and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry.,63,The current situation of TCM,Universities and colleges in China are providing degree and d

44、iploma courses in TCM.It takes seven years of university education to complete a Doctoral degree in TCM.Cross education in both TCM and western system are provided to medical students with major in either one of the systems.,64,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,The current situation of TCM,The

45、attitude towards traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy across the world is changing.A large number of specialists in TCM have been invited by countries in Asia,Europe,America and others to give lectures on TCM or to conduct activities in TCM therapy and scientific research.,65,The current situat

46、ion of TCM,In China,among the foreign students in natural sciences,those who major in traditional Chinese medicine accounts for the highest percentage.World Health Organization has established 7 collaborating centers of traditional medicine and pharmacology.International training centers have been s

47、et up in Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Nanjing and Xiamen to train TCM personnel from over the world.,66,The current situation of TCM,Colleges of traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture have been founded in France,US,Italy and Australia.An institute of TCM theoretical research has been set up in t

48、he Munich University of Germany.Cooperation in TCM has been established between China and Japan,the United State and Germany.,67,The current situation of TCM,Though the development of TCM is promising,there are still some problems.First,while more and more foreign patients turn to TCM,more and more

49、Chinese believe in western medicine,because western medicine works more quickly than TCM.Patient is to the doctor what water is to the fish.No patients,no doctors,put aside the prosperity of the TCM.,68,The current situation of TCM,Secondly,because patients believe in the western medicine,less and l

50、ess Chinese students will choose this subject.So you can hardly see young traditional doctors.It will be not surprising that one day,there is no Chinese who masters TCM.,69,The current situation of TCM,At last,the managerial system of TCM is in chaos.Some leaders just develop TCM on the blob not in