慢性乙型肝炎诊治文档资料.ppt
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1、Introduction,HBV基因组结构,pre-s1,pre-s2,S,P,C,pre-c,X,HBV DNA 3.2 kb,pre-S1 pre-S1蛋白pre-S2 pre-S2蛋白S HBsAgpre-C HBeAgC HBcAgP DNAPX HBxAg,编码,HBsAg,pre-S2,pre-S1,IgM anti-HBc,Total anti-HBc,HBsAg,Acute(6 months),HBeAg,Chronic(Years),anti-HBe,0,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,52,Years,Source:CDC and Prevention,T
2、iter,Weeks of Exposure,慢性乙肝的病毒标志,transmitting,Perinatal,percutaneous and sexual exposureClose person-to-person contact(open cuts and sores,especially among children in hyperendemic areas)Risk of developing CHB after acute exposure:90%in newborns 25-30%in infants and children under 5 5%in adults,Grou
3、ps at high risk for HBV infection who should be screened,Individuals born in areas of high or intermediate prevalence rates for HBV including immigrants and adopted children-Asia:All countries-Africa:All countries-south pacific islands:All countries-Middle East(except Cyprus and Israel)-European Med
4、iterranean:Malta and Spain-The Arctic(indigenous populations of Alaska,Canada and Greenland)-South America:Ecuador,Guyana,Suriname,Venezuela and Amazon regions of Bolivia,Brazil,Colombia and Peru-Eastern Europe:All countries except Hungary-Caribbean:Antigua and Barbuda,Dominica,Granada,Haiti,Jamaica
5、,St.Kitts and Nevis,St.Lucia,and Turks and Caicos-Central America:Guatemala and Honduras,Other groups recommended for screening-U.S.born persons not vaccinated as infants whose parents were born in regions with high HBV endemicity(8%)-Household and sexual contacts of HBsAg-positive persons-Persons w
6、ho have ever injected drugs-Persons with multiple sexual parteners or history of STD-Men who have sex with men-Inmates of correctional facilities-Individuals with chronically elevated ALT or AST-Patients undergoing renal dialysis-All pregnant women-Persons needing immunosuppressive therapy,Recommend
7、ations for infected persons regarding prevention of transmission of HBV to others,Persons who are HBsAg-positive should:-Have sexual contacts vaccinated-Use barrier protection during sexual intercourse if partner not vaccinated or naturally immune-Not share toothbrushes or razors-Cover open cuts and
8、 scratches-Clean blood spills with detergent or bleach-Not donate blood,organs or spermsChildren and adults who are HBsAg-positive:-Can participate in all activities including contact sports-Should not be excluded from daycare or school participation and should not be isolated from other children-Ca
9、n share food,utensils or kiss others,Counseling and Prevention of Hepatitis B,No effective specific dietary measuresAlcohol(20g/d in F;30g/d in M):a risk factor for cirrhosisSexual and household contacts of carriers:HBV vaccinationNewborns of HBV(+)mothers:HBIG and HBV vaccineThose remain a risk for
10、 HBV infection:tested for response to vaccine Postvaccination testing:9-15 m in infants of carrier mothers and 1-2m after the last dose in others hemodialysis patients:follow-up testing of vaccine responders annuallyHBcAb(+)donor organs for HBV seronegative recipients:Non-hepatic solid organs transp
11、latation:6-12 m prophylactic therapy Liver transplantation:life-long antiviral therapy,HBV感染病程和预后,围产期感染:大部份HBeAg(+)者高DNA,ALT正常免疫耐受多在青春期发展为HBeAg(+)的慢乙肝HBeAg血清学转换伴ALT升高者,HBeAg清除率约每年8-12%HBeAg的清除往往伴随ALT的升高67-80%患者HBeAg转换后HBV DNA检测不出,ALT正常,肝活检炎症及坏死程度轻微4-20%患者可出现一次或多次的HBeAg逆转发生转换后约10-30%可伴有HBV DNA及ALT升高H
12、BeAg的清除可减少肝硬化发生,提高生存率多数HBeAg(-)CHB者存在Pre-C/C 区变异HBsAg血清学转换0.5%HBsAg(+)者可有HBsAg清除,多数产生HBsAb半数者仍HBV DNA(+)预后改善有报道数年后进展为HCC者(年龄大,转换前已有肝硬化),HBV相关疾病的危险因素,肝硬化 年龄、基因型C、高HBV DNA水平、嗜酒、HCV/HDV/HIV共同感染HCC 男性、家族史、年龄(感染超过40年)、HBeAg复燃、肝硬化、genotype C、C区变异、HCV共同感染、黄曲霉素、嗜酒,HBV感染者的评价与对策,HBV慢性感染者评估,初始评价询问病史及体格检查 肝病及HC
13、C家族史 实验室检查:血小板、肝功能、PT HBV检查:HBeAg/HBeAb,HBV DNA 排除共同感染:HCV/HDV/HIV HCC筛查:AFP、B超有指征者肝活检,HBV感染路线图,HBsAg(+),HBeAg(+),HBeAg(-),ALT1ULN,ALT1-2ULN,ALT2ULN,3-6mo ALT6-12mo HBeAg,3mo ALT6mo HBeAgConsider bx if persistent or age40,Rx as needed,1-3mo ALT,HBeAgTreat if persistent Liver bx optitionalImmediate R
14、x if jaundice or decompensated,*HCC surveillance if indicated,ALT1-2ULNHBV DNA 2,000-20,000IU/mL,ALT2ULNHBV DNA 20,000IU/mL,ALT1ULNHBV DNA 2,000IU/mL,Treat if persistentLiver bx optitional,3 mo ALT&HBV DNA consider bx if persistentRx as needed,3 mo ALT 3 then 6-12 mo if ALT still 1ULN,HCC监测,HBV携带者中H
15、CC高危人群每6-12月随访B超高危人群:亚洲男性(40y)、亚洲女性(50y)、肝硬化、HCC家族史、非洲人种(20y)、40年携带史、反复ALT升高、HBV DNA2,000 IU/mL亦可同时检查AFP无B超或经济条件不允许时可单独查AFP,慢性乙型肝炎感染临床名词定义和诊断标准,慢性乙型肝炎由HBV持续感染引起的慢性炎症坏死性肝病,可分为HBeAg阳性和HBeAg阴性两种HBsAg阳性6个月血清HBV DNA1105拷贝/ml(HBeAg阴性者可波动于104-105拷贝/ml)ALT/AST水平持续性或间隙性升高肝活检显示中重度炎症坏死,慢性乙型肝炎感染临床名词定义和诊断标准,非活动性
16、HBsAg携带状态肝内持续性HBV感染不伴显著的、进行性的坏死炎症病变HBsAg阳性6个月HBeAg阴性,而抗HBe阳性血清HBV DNA110拷贝/mlALT/AST水平持续正常肝活检证实无明显肝炎,慢性乙型肝炎感染临床名词定义和诊断标准,乙型肝炎缓解以前有HBV感染,不伴活动性病毒感染或疾病进展的病毒学、生化或组织学证据已知有急性乙型肝炎或CHB史或存在HBcAbHBsAbHBsAg阴性血清HBV DNA检测不到(水平很低但采用敏感的PCR法可能检测到)ALT水平正常,慢性乙型肝炎感染临床名词定义和诊断标准,乙型肝炎的急性恶化或“再燃”转氨酶活性间歇性升高超过ULN的10倍和基线值的2倍乙
17、型肝炎的再活动在已知的存在非活动性携带者状态或乙型肝炎缓解的个体中,重新出现肝脏的炎症坏死改变HBeAg清除以前HBeAg阳性的个体中HBeAg消失HBeAg血清学转换HBeAg+HBeAb-者转换为HBeAg-HBeAb+HBeAg逆转在HBeAg阴性个体重新出现HBeAg,HBeAb阳性,慢性乙型肝炎的治疗,治疗目标:持续性抑制HBV复制,缓解肝脏病变。最终达到预防肝硬化、肝衰竭及HCC的目的。,CHB抗病毒治疗反应的定义,生化学应答BR:ALT降至正常病毒学应答VR:HBV DNA降至检测下限以下,同时HBeAg阳性者阴转初始无应答(不适用于干扰素治疗者):24w治疗后HBV DNA降低
18、2 log10 IU/ml病毒学复发 virologic relapse:停止治疗后相隔至少4周检测两次及以上HBV DNA增加超过1 log10 IU/ml组织学应答HR:HAI降低至少2分,同时纤维化指标同治疗前相比无恶化完全应答CR:达到BR和VR且HBsAg转阴,抗病毒治疗的耐药,是目前核苷类抗病毒药物(NA)存在的主要问题与治疗前HBV DNA水平、病毒抑制快慢、治疗时间及是否有既往NA用药史有关以拉米夫定耐药率最高,恩替卡韦和替诺福韦耐药率最低耐药株毒性相对野生株复制能力较弱耐药株的出现可导致初始治疗失败,甚至可致肝炎再燃及肝功能失代偿多种NAs之间有交叉耐药严格掌握NA适应征是预
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