运动系统解剖学文档资料.ppt

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1、Basic Concepts of Anatomy,Definition:human anatomy,the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyGross anatomy:systematic anatomy regional anatomy Applied anatomy Clinical anatomy,人体解剖学发展简史,Hippcrates,Hippocrates-希波克拉底（公元前460377）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。,Galen,Galen-伽林（130200）古希腊名医、解剖学家，著医经

2、，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。,Vesalius-(15141564)现代解剖学的奠基人，1543年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。,Vesalius,Harvey,Harvey-(15781657)解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。,我国人体解剖学的发展历程,公元前300200黄帝内经已有对人体解剖的记载。两宋时代五脏六腑、存真图描述了解剖学知识。王清任（17681831）编著的医林改错更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。19492003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长，编写了多套具有

3、我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。,人体解剖教学特点,人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。,Des

4、criptive anatomical terms,The anatomical position:(解剖学姿势)The body is upright,legs together,and directed forwards.The palms are turned forward,with the thumbs laterally.,The terms of the direction(方位术语),superior 上,inferior 下anterior(ventral)前(腹侧)posterior(dorsal)后(背侧)medial 内侧,lateral 外侧internal 内,ex

5、ternal 外superficial 浅,profound 深proximal 近侧,distal 远侧ulnar 尺侧,radial 桡侧tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓侧,Anatomical axes and planes（轴与面）,Axis 轴：Vertical axis 垂直轴Sagittal axis 矢状轴Coronal axis 冠状轴Plane面:Sagittal plane 矢状面Coronal plane 冠状面Horizontal plane 水平面 或transverse plane 横切面,The Locomotor System 运动系统,运动系统由bon

6、e 骨、joints关节和muscles 骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官功能:support 支持Protection 保护Locomotion 运动,Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论,Bones in adult are 206 in number.Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape The position can be:skull 颅骨bones of trunk 躯干骨appendi

7、cular skeleton 四肢骨Types of shape include:long bone 长骨short bone 短骨flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨,Long bones(found in limbs):Diaphysis or shaft 骨干,which is hollow(called medullary cavity 骨髓腔),filled with bone marrowTwo endsepiphysis 骺 articular surface 关节面,metaphysis干骺端,epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨,and

8、epiphysial line 骺线Short bones:cuboidal in shape,e.g.carpal bones,Flat bones:thin,Irregular bones:have any irregular or mixed shape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumatic bones含气骨*Sesamoid bones籽骨:develop within tendon,General structures of bone骨的构造,Bone substance 骨质compact bone 骨密质spongy bone 骨松质 呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨

9、小梁构成In the flat bones of the skull,the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和内板,while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障,Periosteum 骨膜:Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition.It also contains osteoblast

10、s(成骨细胞)Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.Bone marrow 骨髓Red marrow 红骨髓:haematopoietic 造血Yellow marrow黄骨髓:fatty,Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质,Organic material有机质：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。Inorganic salts无机质：主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆

11、性,Bones of trunk 躯干骨,Composition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in children,arranged as follows:Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨,General featur

12、es of vertebrae,Vertebral body 椎体Vertebral arch 椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根:sup.and inf.Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板process(7):spinous process 棘突transverse process 横突sup.and inf.articular processes 上、下关节突Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔,Reg

13、ional variations of vertebrae,Cervical vertebraeVertebrae Body:small Vertebral foramen:larger and triangularSpinous processes:short and bifid in C3 to C5,long in C6,and longer in C7Transverse processes:short and bifid,transverse foramen横突孔Articular processes:horizontal,Atlas寰椎(C1)Body and spinous pr

14、ocess absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟,Axis枢椎(C2):distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas,Carotid tubercle:颈动脉结节:anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7)

15、:contains long and non-bifid spinous process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes,Thoracic vertebrae,Vertebrae Body：heart-shape,superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹Vertebral foramen：smaller,rounder Spinous processes：long,poi

16、nt obliquely downward Transverse processes：transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 Articular processes:coronal,Vertebrae Body：larger,kidney-shape Vertebral foramen:larger and triangular Spinous processes:projects horizontally Transverse processes:long Articular processes:sagittal,Sacrum,Anterior surface:promon

17、tory岬,anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs)Posterior surface:median sacral crest 骶正中嵴,posterior sacral foramina(four pairs),sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角Lateral part:auricular surface耳状面,sacral tuberosity骶粗隆,Transsacral(epidural)anasthesia,Cornua,palpation,Sacral hiatus,Sternum,Manubrium ster

18、ni 胸骨柄:jugular notch 颈静脉切迹,clavicular notch 锁切迹Body of sternum 胸骨体 Xiphoid process Sternal angle 胸骨角:the junction of manubrium and body,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly,Sternal angle 胸骨角,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and l

19、ies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly,Ribs肋:12 pair,General featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋Ribs 810 called false ribs 假肋Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋,Characteristics of“typical”rib,Posterior end:costal head 肋头,costal neck肋颈,costal tubercle肋结节 Shaft:costal angle肋角,costal groove 肋沟Anterio

20、r end,Atypical rib,First rib:tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节,sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨下动、静脉沟11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks,tubercles and angles,The Bones of Limbs,山东大学医学院 解剖教研室李振华,Bones of upper limbs,Composition:Should girdle 上肢带骨clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨Bones of free upper li

21、mb 自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨 in armRadius桡骨 and ulna尺骨 in forearmCarpal腕骨,metacarpals掌骨 and phalanges指骨 in hand,Clavicle 锁骨,“S”shaped,medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backwardSternal end胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端 laterally,Scapula 肩胛骨,Three bordersSuperior:coracoid process 喙突,scapular not

22、ch 肩胛切迹Lateral(axillary)border腋缘Medial(vertebral)border脊柱缘Three anglesSuperior:opposite to the 2nd rib Inferior:opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals spaceLateral:glenoid cavity关节盂,supra-and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节Two surfacesAnterior surface concave:subscapular fossa肩胛下窝Posterior surfac

23、e:supra-and infraspinous fossae冈上、下窝,spine of scapula 肩胛冈,acromion 肩峰,Humerus 肱骨,Upper end:head of humerus肱骨头,anatomical neck解剖颈,greater and lesser tubercles大、小结节,crests of greater and lesser tubercle,大、小结节嵴，intertubercular groove结节间沟,surgical neck外科颈Shaft:deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆on lateral surface,a

24、nd a groove for radial nerve桡神经沟 on posterior surfaceLower end:lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁,capitulum 肱骨小头,trochlea 肱骨滑车,coranoid fossa 冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝(anteriorly)and olecranon fossa鹰嘴窝(posteriorly),and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟,Radius,Upper end:head of radius桡骨头,neck of radius桡骨颈,ra

25、dial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆,and articular circumference环状关节面Shaft：interosseous border骨间缘Lower end:styloid process 茎突laterally,ulnar notch尺切迹 medially,and carpal articular surface腕关节面 inferiorly,Fracture of the distal end pf the radius,Ulnar,Upper end:olecranon鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹 radi

26、al notch 桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆 Lower end styloid process 尺骨茎突 head of ulna 尺骨头,Carpal bones 腕骨Proximal row(lateral to medial)scaphoid手舟骨,lunate月骨,triquetral三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨Distal row(lateral to medial)trapezium大多角骨,trapezoid小多角骨,capitate头状骨 and hamate钩骨Metacarpal bones掌骨Numbered one to five fro

27、m thumb to little fingerStructure of eachbase(proximally),shaft,and head(distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨Consist of 14 two for first digit(thumb)and three for each of other four digitsStructure of each base(proximally),shaft,and trochlea of phalanx(distally),tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆,Bones

28、of Lower Limb,Composition:Pelvic girdle:hip bone髋骨Bones of free lower limb:Femur股骨 in thigh(patella髌骨)Tibia胫骨 and fibula腓骨 in leg Tarsals跗骨,metatarsals跖骨,phalanges of toes趾骨 in foot,Hip bone,Consisting of three fused bones,ilium,ischium,pubisIlium髂骨Body of ilium 髂骨体 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulu

29、m髋臼Ala of ilium 髂骨翼:iliac crest 髂嵴,anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘，anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘,tubercle of iliac crest髂结节,posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘,greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹,gluteal surface 臀面，iliac fossa 髂窝,arcuate line弓状线,auricular surface

30、耳状面,iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆,Ischium 坐骨Body of ischium 坐骨体to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum,ischial spine坐骨棘,lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹Ramus of ischium 坐骨支,ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节Pubis 耻骨Body of pubis 耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum,iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起Superior ramus

31、 of pubis 耻骨上支:pecten of pubis 耻骨梳,pubic tubercle 耻骨结节,pubic crest 耻骨嵴,symphysial surface耻骨联合面Inferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支:obturator foramen 闭孔Acetabulum 髋臼formed by bodies of ischium,ilium and pubis Lunate surface月状面,acetabular fossa髋臼窝,acetabular notch髋臼切迹,Femur 股骨,Upper end:femoral head股骨头,fovea o

32、f femoral head 股骨头凹,neck of femur 股骨颈,greater trochanter 大转子，lesser trochanter 小转子,intertrochanteric line 转子间线,intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴Shaft:linea aspera 粗线,gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆,pectineal line耻骨肌线，popliteal surface 腘面 Lower end:medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁，medial and lateral epicondyles内、

33、外上髁,adductor tubercle 收肌结节，intercondylar fossa髁间窝,patellar surface髌面,Fracture of the femoral neck,Tibia 胫骨,Upper end:medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁,intercondylar eminence 髁间隆起,fibular articular surface 腓关节面,tuberosity of tibia胫骨粗隆 Shaft:interosseous border 骨间缘,soleal line 比目鱼肌线Lower end:fibular n

34、otch腓切迹,medial malleolus 内踝,Fibula 腓骨,Upper end:fibular head 腓骨头,neck of fibula 腓骨颈Shaft:interosseous border骨间缘Lower end:lateral malleolus 外踝Patella 髌骨triangular sesamoid bone,Tarsal bones 跗骨,Consist of seven short bones arranged in three rowPosterior row talus 距骨,calcaneus 跟骨Intermediate row navicu

35、lar bone 足舟骨Anterior row medial,intermediate,and lateral cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,cuboid bone 骰骨,Metatarsal bones 跖骨,Consist of five elongated bones,numbered one to five medial to lateralStructure of each base(proximally),shaft,and head(distally)in eachPhalanges of toes 趾骨Consist of 14two for first toe

36、(hallux)and three for each of other four toesSurface landmarks:trochlea of talus距骨滑车,calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节,tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆,and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone第五跖骨粗隆,Skull颅,山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华,The skull is composed of 23 bones,which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and f

37、acial cranium,Cerebral cranium 脑颅(8)larger,upper and posterior part,contains and protects the brainSingle bones:include frontal bone 额骨,ethmoid bone 筛骨,sphenoid bone 蝶骨,occipital bone 枕骨Paired bones:include temporal bone 颞骨 parietal bone 顶骨,Bones of facial cranium 面颅(15)smaller,lower,and anterior pa

38、rt,contains bones that surrounded the eye,nose and mouthSingle bones:include mandible下颌骨,vomer 犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨Paired bones:include maxilla 上颌骨,nasal bone 鼻骨,lacrimal bone 泪骨,palatine bone 腭骨,zygomatic bone 颧骨,inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲,Frontal bone,Zygomatic bone,Nasal bone,Maxilla,Mandible,Sphenoid

39、bone,parietal bone,Temporal bone,Occipital bone,面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。,Mandible下颌骨,Body of mandible Superior border:alveolar arch 牙槽弓 Inferior border:base of mandible下颌底Outer surface:mental protuberance 颏隆凸,mental foramen 颏孔Inner surface:mental spine颏棘,digastric fossa二腹肌窝Ramus:has two vert

40、ical processes separated by mandibular notch下颌切迹Coronoid process 冠突Condylar process 髁突head of mandible 下颌头 neck of mandible 下颌颈Mandibular foramen 下颌孔，mandibular lingula下颌小舌Angle of mandible下颌角Masseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆,The skull as a whole 颅的整体观,Skull viewed from above(superior view)Bones:frontal额,p

41、aired parietal顶,occipital枕Sutures:coronal冠状缝,sagittal 矢状缝,lambdoid人字缝parietal tuber 顶结节，parietal foramen顶孔Internal surface of the calvaria sulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟granular foveola 颗粒小凹 arterial grooves 动脉沟Skull viewed from behind external occipital protuberance 枕外隆凸superior nuchal lin

42、e上项线,Internal view of base of skull 颅底内面观,Base of skull forms three fossae Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝,Formed by orbital part of frontal bone,cribriform plate of ethmoid,and lesser wings of sphenoidStructures:frontal crest额

43、嵴 foramen cecum 盲孔 crista galli 鸡冠 cribriform plate 筛板 cribriform foramina 筛孔,Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝,Formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid,petrous part of temporalStructures:body of sphenoid bone 蝶骨体 hypophysial fossa 垂体窝 optic canal 视神经管 anterior clinoid process 前床突 tuberculum sellae 鞍

44、结节 dorsum sellae 鞍背 posterior clinoid process 后床突 sella turcica 蝶鞍,Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝,carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟 superior orbital fissure 眶上裂foramen rotundum 圆孔 foramen ovale 卵圆孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔sulcus for middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉沟foramen lacerum 破裂孔 internal opening of carotid canal 颈脉管内口tri

45、geminal impression 三叉神经压迹tegmen tympani 鼓室盖,Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,Formed by occipital and the petrous part of temporalStructures:foramen magnum 枕骨大孔 clivus 斜坡 internal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口 internal occipital protuberance 枕内隆凸internal occipital crest枕内嵴 sulcus for transverse sin

46、us 横窦沟 sulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 internal acoustic pore 内耳门internal acoustic meatus 内耳道,Skull seen from below(inferior view),alveolar arch 牙槽弓bony palate 骨腭median palatine suture 腭正中缝incisive foramina 切牙孔incisive canal 切牙管greater palatine foramen 腭大孔posterior nasal apertures

47、 鼻后孔pterygoid process 翼突occipital condyle 枕髁external opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管外口external opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管外口styloid process 茎突stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔mandibular fossa 下颌窝articular tubercle 关节结节,Lateral view of the skull 颅侧面观,external acoustic pore 外耳门 mastoid process 乳突 zygomati

48、c arch 颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝 pterion 翼点pterygomaxillary fissure 翼上颌裂 pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝 sphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔,Skull viewed from the front(anterior view)颅的前面观,Frontal region:frontal squama 额鳞 frontal tuber 额结节 superciliary arch 眉弓 glabella 眉间,Orbit 眶,pyramid-shaped paired cavitiesBase:supr

49、aorbital notch 眶上切迹 infraorbital foramen 眶下孔Apex:optic canal 视神经管Walls Superior:fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝Medial:fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝Inferior:infraorbital fissure 眶下裂 infraorbital groove 眶下沟 infraorbital canal 眶下管,Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔,Roof:cribriform plate of ethmoidFloor:bony palate Later

50、al wall Three nasal conchae(superior,middle and inferior)上、中、下鼻甲Nasal meatus underlying each concha(superior,middle and inferior)上、中、下鼻道Sphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛隐窝 above superior nasal conchaAnterior piriform aperture 梨状孔Posterior posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔 communicates with pharynx,Paranasal sinus