[临床医学]10循环系统4.ppt
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1、目的要求、掌握大动脉、中动脉、小动脉和微动脉的结构特点和功能联系、熟悉毛细血管的类型、结构和功能联系及心壁的结构。3、了解静脉的结构特点;心瓣膜、心传导系统的细胞组成和结构特点。4、自学微循环的概念和组成。5、自学毛细淋巴管和淋巴管的结构特点。,循环系统,circulatory system,器官分为两大类:一是空腔性器官,管壁多分内、中、外三层,如心血管、呼吸道。另一是实质性器官,无空腔,分被膜、间质、实质三部分,如肝、脾、肾。,组成:心血管系统循环系统 淋巴管系统心血管系统:心脏、动脉(A)、毛细血管(Cap)、静脉(V)淋巴管系统:毛细淋巴管、淋巴管、淋巴导管。,一、心脏,(一)心脏结构
2、由心内膜、心肌膜、心外膜组成 1.心内膜(endocardium):内皮(endothelium):与血管的内皮相连 续,为单层扁平上皮。内皮下层(subendothelial layer)内层 外层(心内膜下层)C.T.C.T.少量平滑肌 心室有心脏传导系的分 支,即蒲肯野纤维,内皮,内皮下层,subendocardial layer,2.心肌膜(myocardium)主要由心肌纤维构成,呈螺旋状排列,大致分内纵、中环、外斜三层,多集合成束,束间为C.T.和Cap。心室的肌纤维较粗较长;心房的肌纤维较细较短,横小管很少,含有心房特殊颗粒,颗粒内含心房钠尿肽。主要起利尿、排钠、扩血管、降血压的
3、作用。心室肌和心房肌之间,有心骨骼(致密C.T.),心室肌和心房肌分别附着在心骨骼。,3.心外膜(epicardium):C.T.和间皮组成,又称浆膜,即心包膜的脏层。与心外膜相对的是心包膜的壁层,两者之间的腔称心包腔,含少量液体,有润滑作用。心瓣膜:心内膜突向心腔而成的薄片状结构,由内皮和CT组成。,间皮 CT,(二)心脏传导系统,传导系组成:由特化的心肌纤 维形成,包括:窦房结(右房心外膜)房室结 房室束 心内膜下层 房室束及分支 细胞类型:起搏细胞(窦房结,房室结中心)移行细胞(窦房结,房室结周边,房室束)普肯耶纤维(房室束及分支),窦房结,房室结,房室束,普肯耶细胞,右分支,起搏细胞(
4、Pacemaker cell):位于窦房结和房室结。特点是:胞体较小,梭形或多边形,细胞器少,肌原纤维少,糖原多,是心肌兴奋的起搏点。移行细胞(transitional cell):位于窦房结和房室结的周围以及房室束内。特点是:呈细长形,肌原纤维比起搏细胞多,能传导冲动。普肯耶纤维(Purkinje fiber):位于房室束及分支。特点是:胞体短而宽,12个核,线粒体和糖原多,肌原纤维少位于细胞周边,细胞间有闰盘相连,传导冲动的作用。,Pacemaker 细胞,summaryThere are three layers in the wall of the heart.The innermos
5、t layer is called the endocardium.It consists of endothelium and subendothelial layer.The subendothelial layer is divided into two layers which are called inner layer and out layer.The out layer is also called subendocardial layer in which there are Purkinje cells.,(2)The main thickness of the wall
6、of the heart is formed by a thick layer of cardiac muscle.This is the myocardium.It has been shown that atrial myocardial fibers secrete a atrial natriuretic peptide.The hormone increases renal excretion of water and sodium,expands blood vessels and reduces blood pressure.,(3)The external surface of
7、 the myocardium is covered by the epicardium.It consists of a layer of connective tissue which is covered on the free surface,by a layer of flattened mesothelial cells.At the junction of atria and ventricles,these dense fibrous tissue constitute the“skeleton”of the heart.Atria and ventricles muscle
8、attach to the skeleton respectively.,(4)The conducting system of the heart is made up of a special kind of cardiac muscle.There are three kinds of cells,pacemaker cells,transitional cells and Purkinje cells.The pacemaker cells are responsible for pace-maker functions.The transitional cells and Purki
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