[PPT制作技巧]zzz大学英语四级阅读理解精讲.ppt

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1、大学英语四级阅读理解精讲,“得阅读者得天下”，这是学生对阅读理解重要性的精辟概括。,阅读理解的基本要求,词汇量是基础 句法是关键：读懂长难句，关键是从结构入手。常用解题思路与技巧,阅读理解,新四级考试的阅读部分主要分为快速阅读和深度（仔细）阅读两个部分。深度阅读包括选词填空与题意选择两种题型,阅读分数占全卷的35%.,阅读理解(40mins),35%,快速阅读15,深度阅读25,25%,篇章词汇10%,篇章阅读15%,10%,一、快速阅读的方法,题型简介,这种题型考察的是在有限时间内（15分钟）找到指定信息（10道题目）的能力。前7个题目可能是多项选择题，也可能是是非判断题，而后3个题目一般是

2、句子填空或完成句子，填入部分通常为名词短语，其长度一般不超过7个单词。,文章的体裁一般为说明文，有时有小标题，说明的层次也非常清楚。内容以科普知识居多。,10001200词,15分钟,100词/分钟,“快”,快速阅读部分采用l2篇较长篇幅的文章或多篇短文，总长度约为1 000词。要求考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇章中获取信息。略渎考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力，阅读速度约每分钟1 00词。查读考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大写单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。快速阅读理解部分采用的题型有是非判断、句子填空、完成句子等。,答题步骤,第一步：看文章后题目，分析定位词

3、，并用笔标出以加深印象。第二步：阅读文章。从头到尾把文章通读一遍，注意每段的中心句或中心思想，留心题目当中标出的信息；但是阅读的中途不要停顿下来去考虑单词、词组或句子的意思，不管懂还是不懂，一律跳过。第三步：先做细节题，注意对比题目和文章当中相应信息在表述方式上的不同，要特别注意两者在用词上的区别考的往往就是这个词！,问题的顺序就是文章行文的顺序,策略1：快速掌握文章的体裁和结构（标题和副标题）策略2：带着问题在文章中找定位 策略3：判断问题的对错,定位词,快速阅读的整体策略,快速阅读应试策略,略读(Skimming)：,1)利用印刷细节，如标题、副标题、小标题、斜体字、黑体字、注释等，对文章

4、,2)以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景、作者,的风格等。,进行预测性的略读。,3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。,4)注意转折词和序列词。,寻读(Scanning)：,1)利用材料的编排形式，如字母顺序、日期、时间等。,2)利用章节标题和说明。,3)抓提示词（与题目相关的词）。,如何实现快速阅读,1首先要放弃把原文从头到尾读一遍的习惯！否则既违背了四、六级考试委员会测试的目的，又使自己陷于重重的语言障碍之中。,2文章的大标题是文章主要内容的概括或总结。因此仔细阅读文章的大标题是浏览和查读中不可忽略的手段。,3一篇较长的文章总会包括许多段落，段落小标题概括了该段落的主要内

5、容。因此，要想了解某段落的主题思想，首先应该盯住段落小标题。,4一般来说，作者会在一篇文章的首段提出自己的论点，而在末段做一个结论。因此，要想了解一篇文章的main points，只需读该文章的首末段即可。,5快速阅读材料中，通常都含有一些特型词，比如：人名、地名、数字、年代等。凭借这些特型词，可以快速查找到你需要的信息。,判断标准,一、YES 当试题和原文都涉及同一话题，而且意义完全一致时，才能判断答案为Y。注意同义转换。,试题：There is no single factor associated with educational success.原文：Educational succe

6、ss depends on a number of factors.,试题：lt is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.原文：There is no need for you to keep your resume out on the Internet once you land a job.,判断标准,二、NO 当试题和原文都涉及同一话题，而意义却不相同时，答案应判断为N。,试题：More than half of Australia families have both a cat a

7、nd a dog.原文：58%of all households in Australia own either a dog or a cat.,三、NOT GIVEN 当试题中的内容在原文中没有提到，或者与原文讲叙的并非同一话题时，答案应判断为NG。,试题：Mr Smith went to work in China for several reasons.原文：Mr Smith went to work in China several years ago and made a considerable fortune.,试题：Modern work practices create un

8、employment.原文：Moreover modern work practices allow for a flat organization The result is more,and better quality work is achieved by fewer people.,怎样区分NO和NOT GIVEN,这里所说的NG是指试题内容（或部分内容）在原文中提到了，而考生很难做出N或NG判断的试题。这不包括试题信息在原文中根本没有提到、答案应为NG的试题。同一话题是唯一的区分标准；如果试题和原文涉及同一话题，而意义却不相同时，应判断为N，而不是NG；若非同一话题，则应判断为NG

9、。,试题：Some girls hold mistaken views about English classes.原文：Some girls have two English classes every week.,试题：English dictionaries are never used in that school.原文：Students there seldom use English dictionaries.,完成句子题解题方法,1先仔细阅读3个试题，判断正确答案应具备的词性和语法 属性。2选择向导词，扫描原文，确认阅读点等这几个步骤和判 断题的解题方法一样。正确答案一定会出现在

10、原文，阅读 点出现的、能满足试题语法和意义要求的词语即为正确答案。3正确答案大都是名词短语、动词短语间或是个短句。单词数量通常不超过4个。4个别情况下当把原文中出现的“答案”写到答题卡上时，某些词语的词性或顺序可能要发生变动。5同义转换表达是所有英语阅读考试的共同特点，把握这一规律对于确认阅读点，找到正确答案十分重要。,关键词定位，填写重要词,二、深度阅读(Reading in Depth)的方法,四级考试 阅读解题步骤,Step 1：快速判断文章的体裁和主旨Step 2：通过主题句归纳文章大意 Step 3：阅读问题找出关键信息Step 4：在文章中定位出该关键信息，判断出正确选项Step

11、5:复查,题材评述,梳理把握广泛多样的题材，是“知己知彼”的第一步。以下是近几年阅读命题题材分布情况。,文化教育 2007.6 学习写作 2007.12 远程教育 2009.12 大学招聘美国高层管理人才原因 2011.6 不同种族学生混住的利与弊 科技环保 2008.6 全球变暖 2009.6 环保时装，一滴水一个世界 2010.6 黑匣子的功能 2011.12 地球变暖的危害（一份全球人道 论坛 的报告分析）热点新闻 2007.6 性别歧视,题材评述,经济商贸 2006.12 瓶装水的成功推广 2008.12 商店如何应对顾客投诉生命健康 2006.12 健康新解 2008.12 男性比女

12、性更易得病社会生活 2008.6 保护隐私 2007.12 子女教育 2009.12 美国黑人女性形象 2010.6 正面思维与负面思维 2010.12 1）人们工作角色转变的原因（2010.12 实业科学家到大学工作）2）婚姻与长寿,识别文体,说明文（最常见）第一句通常为主题句 结构：提出问题分析问题解决问题 格式：比较，对照，分类，列举 Tip.抓住文章主题，同时把握个层次的要点。议论文 论点-论据 Tips.抓住论点，论据，明确作者论证方法是归纳还是演绎 抓住表示因果because,as a result,therefore，递进moreover,in addition，转折but,ho

13、wever等的信号词 注意作者使用的表达赞同反对等感情色彩的形容词，副词或句型。,深度阅读的一般方法,先快速浏览题干,特别是问题梳理问题的核心抓住文章的主旨采用有效的阅读方法,开始阅读,深度阅读的常见行文思路,Authors idea,Study/report/research/survey/an expert,文章的中心思想,正面的论据,Common belief/popular belief/received idea/assumption/stereotype,反面的论据批驳的靶子,深度阅读理解的考题类型,主旨性考题主旨题在四级考试中所占比例仅次于事实细节题和推理判断题。这类题型主要测试

14、考生对文章的中心思想或段落的大意的理解，是对考生的综合归纳能力的考查。顾名思义，要求考生判断文章的中心思想。注意：有超过一半的文章主旨出现在文章的开头和结尾。正确选项特征为概括，宏观，抽象。顾名思义，要求考生判断文章的中心思想。注意：有超过一半的文章主旨出现在文章的开头和结尾。正确选项特征为概括，宏观，抽象。,例如：1）It can be concluded from the passage that_ Whats the passage mainly about?What is the main topic（idea,theme,subject）of the passage/the para

15、graph？The best title of the article is _.What can we learn from the passage/this paragraph？,解题方法：a直接用主题词，凡是含有主题词的选项极可能正确。读首段的首末行句或末段的首末行句加以确认。b特别注意关键词，同义词：他们往往是文章的主旨点c.通读全文，不能仅仅读一两段。,according to/seem/look/sound处出题作者经常借助这类词用以引用他人或一般人的看法，其实并不代表作者的真正要表达的含义，你得继续往下看。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,解题方法：a不敢按照常规认识。b不能按照自己的看

16、法判断。c.一定要找到原文的出处。,细节题/定位题：四级考试阅读理解中出现频率最高的就是事实细节类试题。事实或细节是文章中用来论证或说明主题的依据。这类试题主要考查考生是否掌握了作者用来阐述主题的有关事实和细节，对文章的理解是否全面，是否透彻。这类问题不掺杂主观内容，而是针对文章的某个具体细节，如：时间、地点、人物、原因、结果、条件、现象等的提问。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,这类题常见的提问方式有：When(Where,Who,Why,What,How).?All of the following are mentioned in the passage except.According to

17、the passage,the best answer to.is.The author says.because.Which of the following may be the best reason for.,解题技巧：一般来说此类题的答案均可在文章中找到答案。但是答案的表述常常不是文章中的原话，而是使用同义的词语或句子进行表述即对原句子改写。仔细阅读题干，划出关键词，在原文中找到定位词。关键词的确定也有技巧。如果题目或选项中有专有名词（人名、地名等）、数字（年代、时间等）要将此定位为关键词。,例子:2011年12月Passage oneQuestions 57 to 61 are b

18、ased on the following passage.Boys schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art,dance and music.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity(阳刚),the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop wit

19、hout pressure to conform to a stereotype.a US study says.Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness,rather than feeling they had to conform to the boy code of hiding their emotions to b

20、e a real man.The findings of the study so against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.,主旨句 Q57,主旨句的支持句 Q57,支持句 Q57,同义词定位 Q58Commonly believed=received wisdom,Tony Little,headmaster of Eton,warned that boys were being faded by the British education system because it had be

21、come too focused on girls.He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.But i

22、n single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys learning style,letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom,wrote the studys author,Abigail James,of the University of Virginia.,定位题 Q59Tony LittleFocused on=attention,支持句,支持Tony Little Q59,定位题

23、 Q60According to,Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with boy-focused approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch,and are physically more active,they need to be given hands-on lessons where

24、 they are allowed to walk around.Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine(女性的)and prefer the modem genre(类型)in which violence and sexism are major themes,James wrote.Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should b

25、e masterful and in charge in relationships.In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,the study reported.,支持 Abigail James 的观点，分析男校对男生的好处,定位词细节判断题Q61 acute vision=sharper vision,倒着考/反着考题型命题模式为：文章中B导致C；问：有C这一结果，为什么？答案：因为B

26、。所谓反着考，即将文章中的某句话，反过来考一遍。转折处出题学生应对阅读文章中出现转折的地方特别加以注意。表示转折的标志词有：but,in fact,however,nevertheless等。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,例证考题 命题模式：作者先陈述一种观点并举例作为证明。问题问你这个例子说明了什么？很简单，就是说明或证明前面提出的观点。指代题 原文中某一段某一行中的it/them/they/theirs等指代什么？做这类题，记住两个字“回指”，也就是往回看。因为只有上文提到了某一事物，下文才可用这类词。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,推论题推断题不同于主旨题和细节题，需要根据文章中提供的信息进行综合

27、的推理分析，然后推出作者的隐含之义。这类题往往难以对付，是考生失分较多的题型。标志词有：infer/inference/suggest/imply/implication/conclude/conclusion等。这类题目属比较难的题，要把握好。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,推断题通常包括以下四个方面的内容：（1）针对文章中的某个细节进行推断。（2）根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路。（3）推断文章中没出现的前一段或下一段的内容。（4）针对文章人物性格的推断。,推断题的提问方式：It can be inferred from the passage that_.By saying.,the

28、author suggests that We can learn from the passage that_.The passage tells us that_.It can be inferred that the preceding/following paragraph of the passage most probably discussed_.From the passage,it can be inferred that_.,解题方法：找准关键词和细节，合理推断a若是某短文的第一题，答案在第一段的首行句或末行句找；个别情况下答案会在最后一段的首行句或末行句。或用主题词找答案

29、。b若是某短文的最后一题，答案在最后一段的首行句或末行句找，个别情况下答案会在第1段的首行句或末行句。或用主题词找答案。c不属上述a、b情况者：1）从选项中选择向导词，确认阅读点，即可找到答案（该方法针对细节推断题）。2）用主题词或正选相互支持找答案。,例子:2011年6月Passage oneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Several recent studies have found that being randomly(随机地)assigned to a roommate of another race c

30、an lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood(可能性)of conflict.Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.An Ohio State University study also found that black studen

31、ts living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers.Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.In a New York Times article,Sam Boakye the only black student on his freshman year floor-said that if youre surrounded by whites,you have something t

32、o prove.,全文主旨 Q57定位题recent studies,倒着考题 Q58定位题Sam Boakye,Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.According to two recent studies,randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate w

33、ill move out.An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.Grace Kao,a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings.This may be the first time that some of these stu

34、dents have interacted,and lived,with someone of a different race,she said.,Q59,例证考题，,定位题 Q59,according to 题,At Penn,students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.One of the great things about freshman housing is that,with some exceptions,the process throws you together randomly,s

35、aid Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley.This is the definition of integration.Ive experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes,said one Penn resident advisor(RA).The RA of two years added that while some conflic

36、ts provided more multicultural acceptance and melding(融合),there were also jarring cultural confrontations.,定位词细节判断题Q60 D=the school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.,The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.Kao said she cautions against fo

37、rming any generalizations based on any one of the studies,noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.,支持 Abigail James 的观点，分析男校对男生的好处,定位题,Grace Kao细节判断题Q61,语义题所谓语义题就是从文章的某句话中选出一个单词、短语或词组进行提问，要求考生对其进行一定的分析，推测出其在文章中的特定含义 手法有许多，最主要方法应该是依据该词或词组或句子所出现的con

38、text，即上下文或语境。记住：比较肤浅的字面或句面解释通常不选。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,常见的提问方式有：The word”.”in line.probably means.Which of the following has the closest meaning to“.”?The author uses the expression“.”to refer to.The word“.”can best be replaced by.,解题方法：首先要找到该词或短语所在的句子，然后确定单词的词性以及单词，短语等在句子中所起的语法作用，明确整个句子的含义，同时对上下文进行认真的分析，以确定

39、上下文中是否有该词的定义、同义词、近义词或反义词。从而可以判断出正确答案。,结构考题应该承认，结构考题在四级考试中较少出现。原因在于四级考试中的阅读文章相对较短，大多数考细节题，再加上一些语义、推论、主旨考题，基本上可覆盖整篇文章。段落归纳题此类题要特别注意段首句和段尾句。因为它通常是段落大意。标志词有in general,generally,in a word等。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,态度性考题态度性问题考查学生是否了解文章作者或文中某人对某事物所持观点或态度。经常出现的词汇有：neutral,objective,indifferent,positive,approving,suppor

40、tive,enthusiastic,optimistic,pessimistic,disapproving,negative,critical等。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,作者对的态度，观点题，例如：Its the authors view that_.What is the message/information the author intends to convey?解题方法：a如果四个选项分别是四个形容词，读首末段的首末行句，注意其中表示褒贬的形容词或副词，并结合作者带有明显倾向性或感情色彩的句子加以判断。b不属于上述情况的试题：用主题词；在首段的首末行句或末段的首末行句找答案；用正选

41、相互支持。c和作者相关的细节题，即不是直接涉及作者的态度和观点的试题要按一般细节题的解题方法来做。,比较级、最高级处出题因果关系考题主要考查学生对两个事件之间因果关系的正确理解。,深度阅读理解的考题类型,深度阅读理解的应急选择答案的方法,如果时间不够，文章没有读完，在最后关头可以参考以下：a.长选项可能是答案。因为正确选项要求逻辑严密，所以用词较多。b.对原文的词句进行同意替换的选项可能是正确答案。因为避免使用原文出现的词，是增加难度的一个主要方法。c.具有概括性的选项可能是答案。因为四级试题要达到一定难度，一般会有意将一些具体的信息当做干扰项来迷惑考生。d.符合常理的、积极向上的选项可能是正

42、确答案。因为考试的文章内容一定是反映现实生活的，命题老师一定会让考生接触正面的、主流的、正义的、符合这些价值观的材料和观点。,深度阅读理解的主要考点：,1、引用处。标志：双引号，according to，says/said+从句2、列举处。标志：first/second/third，on one hand/on the other hand3、转折或对比处。标志：but/yet/however/nevertheless/as for/unfortunately/while4、专有名词处。标志：大写（人名地名机构名等）、斜体（报纸杂志名、研究项目或理论名等）,5、数字处。标志：代表时间、日期的数

43、字，表示调查研究数据的数字。6、因果关系处。标志：cause/casual/because(of)/stem from/result in/as a result/consequence/consequently/since/as/therefore/thus/for7、表示条件关系处。标志：if/by/on the condition that8、表示让步关系处。标志：even/even though/of course,9、表达观点处或结论处。标志：claim/argue/argument/conclusion/conclude/find/finding/demonstrate/sugge

44、st/sign/signal/show/confirm/oppose/object to/indicate10、举例处。标志：for example/as/as much as/for instance/a case in point11、表达变化处。标志：change/differ/different/new/recent/decrease/increase,12、表示研究的词。标志：study/survey/report/find/finding/publish/examine/show13、表示最高级或绝对性的词。标志：best/most/mostly/top/only/sole/mus

45、t/simply/always/never/all/none/anyone/unique/first/dominant/fundamental,14.复杂句常考 复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系。一般来说，备选项的长度不会超过15个单词，这就意味着长难句中的大部分信息只是起干扰作用。要找到真正与答题相关的信息，关键在于根据题干信息在长难句的内部进行定位，然后从备选项中找出意思一致的答案。,正确答案特征,(一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项 这些语气词有：must,always,never,the

46、 most,all,only,have to,any,no,very,completely,none,hardly等。,例(1)One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _ A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant.B.peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold true.C.most people have t

47、o take part-time jobs.D.people have to change their jobs from time to time.(分析：四个选项中，C、D两项中都含有have to，语气太绝对化，一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择，就大大降低了难度。),正确答案特征,（二）选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有：can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(大多数)，more or less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily 等。,

48、例（1）It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes_ AAmericans are more ambitious than people in other countries B.in many countries success often depends on ones social status C.American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries D.businesses in other countries are n

49、ot as competitive as those in America(分析：选项B中often 一词，语气委婉，不十分肯定，故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。),正确答案特征,（三）选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。,例（1）According to Dr.David,Americans _ Aare ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life B.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit C.do not know how to relax

50、themselves properly D.can get by(应对)on 6.5 hours of sleep(分析：答案项中A、D两项基本上是原文中句子的原现，故被排除。B项中有often 一词，语气委婉，不十肯定，故为答案。),正确答案特征,（四）较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。,例（1）which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?AMusical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later b