循环系统病例分析PPT课件PPT文档.ppt
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1、主要内容一、病例分析与执业医师考试二、循环系统疾病小结三、循环系统疾病病例分析四、练习题,一、病例分析与执业医师考试,【病例分析模板】(一)诊断及诊断依据1.初步诊断:2.诊断依据:按症状、体征、各项支持诊断的辅助检查顺序列出。(二)鉴别诊断(同系统或同症状)。(三)进一步检查。(四)治疗原则 可以归纳为一般治疗,内科治疗和外科治疗。,循环系统疾病诊断公式(一)心衰颈静脉充盈+肝大和肝颈静脉反流征阳性+双下肢水肿=右心衰突发严重呼吸困难+咳粉红色泡沫痰+皮肤苍白+双肺底干、湿罗音、喘鸣音=急性左心衰,(二)心律失常P波提前出现+QRS波形态正常+不完全代偿间歇=房性期前收缩(房早)S1强弱不等
2、、心律绝对不齐+脉搏短绌+ECG示P波消失、代之以f波=房颤宽大畸形QRS波提前出现+无相关P波+完全代偿间歇=室性期前收缩(室早),QRS-T波消失+大小不等的低小波(心率250500次/分)=室颤青中年患者+阵发性心慌+突发突止+ECG(QRS波室上型+未见明显P波)=阵发性室上速窦性心搏的PR间期短于0.12秒+某些导联PR间期超过0.12秒、QRS波起始部粗钝+ST-T与QRS波主波方向相反=预激综合征,P波、QRS波完整+PR间期0.20秒=一度房室传导阻滞PR间期逐渐延长+直至第1个QRS波脱漏+改善后周而复始=二度型房室传导阻滞PR间期恒定+部分P波后无QRS波=二度型房室传导阻
3、滞P波与QRS波毫无关系+QRS波宽大畸形=三度房室传导阻滞,(三)心脏骤停意识突然丧失+呼吸断续至停止+皮肤发绀+瞳孔散大+二便失禁=心脏骤停意识突然丧失+急性发作后1小时内死亡=怀疑心脏性猝死,(四)高血压血压水平的定义和分类 类别 收缩压(mmHg)舒张压(mmHg)正常血压 120 80 正常高值 120139 8089 1级高血压(轻度)140159 9099 2级高血压(中度)160179 100109 3级高血压(重度)180 110 单纯收缩期高血压 140 90,高血压患者心血管危险分层标准 危险因素和病史 1级 2级 3级 SBP140-159或DBP90-99 SBP16
4、0-179或DBP100-109 SBP180或DBP110:无其他危害因素 低危 中危 高危:1-2个危险因素 中危 中危 极高危:3个危险因素 或靶器官损害或糖尿病 高危 高危 极高危:并存临床情况 极高危 极高危 极高危,(五)冠心病中老年患者+吸烟史+胸痛35分钟+服用硝酸甘油缓解+ST段水平下移=心绞痛中老年患者+吸烟史+胸痛30分钟+服用硝酸甘油不缓解+ST段弓背抬高=心肌梗死 V1V6广泛前壁心梗 V1V3前间壁心梗 V3V5局限前壁心梗、aVF下壁心梗、aVL 高侧壁心梗 V5V6、aVL 前侧壁心梗,(六)心脏瓣膜病主要瓣膜杂音 病名 出现时期 杂音性质 二狭 舒张期 隆隆样
5、 主闭 舒张期 叹气样 二闭 收缩期 吹风样 主狭 收缩期 喷射样,心脏瓣膜听诊顺序及听诊部位心脏瓣膜听诊区 听诊部位二尖瓣区(M)心尖区(心尖搏动最强点)肺动脉瓣区(P)胸骨左缘第2肋间主动脉瓣区(A)胸骨右缘第2肋间主动脉瓣第二听诊区(A)胸骨左缘第3肋间三尖瓣区(T)胸骨左缘第4、5肋间,(七)炎症青年+上感染症状+急性左心衰+心大+ST段水平压低+血清肌钙蛋白、CK-MB+病毒抗体滴度=心肌炎心前区疼痛+心包摩擦音=纤维蛋白性心包炎(“干性心包炎”),(八)休克P、Bp+脉搏细速、四肢发凉=休克体征出血+P、Bp+四肢湿冷、脉压变小=失血性休克左心衰+休克体征=心源性休克T38+心率9
6、0次/分+呼吸20次/分、PaCO235mmHg+WBC12109/L=全身炎症反应综合征全身炎症反应综合征+休克体征=感染性休克,三、循环系统病例分析,Case1Name:LiuHui Age:60 years old Sex:FemaleChief complaint:Paroxysmal pain ex-area in cardiac loop for five years,aggravated for half a month.,Present history:The patient has had paroxysmal pain ex-area in cardiac loop for
7、 five years.The pain last for 2-3 minutes,then disappeared.Half a month ago,the symptom aggravated.The pain is a stuffy pain(闷痛),locating behind the sternum,and spreading to the mandible(下颌),lasting for 5-10 minutes,it can be abated by rest.The pain attack after he walked for 50 meters.During the co
8、urse,there is no cough,no sputum,no pant(喘息).He came to our hospital for further therapy.,Past medical history:The patient has hypertensions for 3 years,the highest bp is 180/100mmHg,never had any medicine。Heart disease for 20 years,no allelgic history of drug and food,no history of operation and in
9、jury,no history of tuberculosis contact.Personal history:He had no hobby of alcohol or cigarette.Family history:The patient denied the history of familial diseases.,Physical examinationT 36.7C,P 68bpm,R 17bpm,BP 150/90mmHg.The patient is in Full development,good nutritional,he is consciousness and c
10、lear speech,and cooperation to examination.Normal breath sound.No abnormal rales are heard.The heart rhythm is regular,heart rate is 72 bpm,no murmurs,The cordis sound is abated(减弱).His abdomen is soft,he has no tenderness and rebound tenderness,liver and spleen are not palpable.,Laboratory tests:EC
11、G:ST-T abnormal.,Questions,1.What is your primary diagnosis?2.And your diagnosis basis?3.What is your differential diagnosis?4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?5.Give some treatment principle.,1.What is your primary diagnosis?Answer:1)coronary heart disease angina(心绞痛)2)Hyp
12、ertension level 3(extremely high risk),2.And your diagnosis basis?Answer:1)Old female,paroxysmal pain in cardiac loop for five years.The pain last for 2-3 minutes,aggravated for half month,can be abated by rest.2)The patient has hypertensions for 3 years,the highest bp is 180/100mmHg,never had any m
13、edicine.3)Physical examination:BP 150/90mmHg4)ECG:ST-T abnormal,3.What is your differential diagnosis?1)Acute myocadial infarction2)Intercostal neuralgia(肋间神经痛)3)cholecystalgia(胆绞痛),4.If your diagnosis are right,whats your further examination?Answer:1)Electrocardiogram2)Coronary angiography or CTA3)
14、Myocardial enzyme4)echocardiogram5)Abdominal ultrasound,5.Give some treatment principle.1)Rest,oxygen,salt limiting(限盐)2)Control hypertention3)Expanding drugs(扩血管药物)such as nitrate(硝酸酯类),Case2,Male,80 years old.Chief complaint:paroxysmal chest pain for 2 years,aggrevate for 20 days and syncope(昏厥)1
15、time.,Present history:2 years ago,the patient had retrosternal pain after fast walking,stuffy pain,located at the middle segment of the sternum,rest after about 3 5 minutes the pain gradually relieved.20 days ago retrosternal stuffy pain appeared again after walking accompanied by sweat,pain signifi
16、cantly worse than before,the symptom remission after rest about 20 minutes.The attacks was frequently than before.10 days ago,the patient was awareness suddenly on the way home,fall to the ground,urinary incontinence,the duration was unknown,without nausea vomiting,no physical activity dysfunction.A
17、fter he wake up retrosternal pain was sustained accompanied by sweat,For further diagnosis and treatment he was sent to our hospital.,Past history:Hypertension for 30years,the highest bp is 180/120mmHg,had Nifedipine Tablets 30mg/d.No drug and food allergies.,Physical examinationT 36.5C,P 104bpm R20
18、 bpm,BP179/97 mmHg,SPO2 90%,The patient is consciousness and clear speech,and cooperation to examination.Normal breath sound.No abnormal rales are heard.Heart rate is 104 bpm,Premature beat can be heard,about 4-5 times/minute,no murmurs,His abdomen is soft,he has no tenderness and rebound tenderness
19、,liver and spleen are not palpable.bilateral Hoffmann sign was negative.,Auxiliary examination辅助检查:Blood routine:WBC 9.8*109/L,N 59.4%Hb 127 g/L,PLT 191*109/L,HCT 38.5%.Glu 6.6 mmol/L,K+3.3 mmol/L,Na+,138 mmol/L,Cl-102 mmol/L,lac 4.0 mmol/L,ECG as follows:,Questions:,1.What is your primary diagnosis
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