新建MicrosoftWord文档(40).doc

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1、初中英语定语从句专项语法讲解1定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语

2、从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the t

3、rain station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li M

4、ing is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the pers

5、on whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， ma

6、ny， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：初中英语定语从句专项语法讲解2Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，

7、 而不用which.例如：I can rememberwellthe persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is abookon the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用

8、which，而不用that 的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间

9、状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。单项填空。1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father？-Yes， hes our headmas

10、ter.A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the besthotelin thecity_I know.A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？A. that you bought B. you bought itC. that you bought it D. which you bou

11、ght it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agrees B. who agreeC. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch is not the初中英语定语从句专项语法讲解3only thing _ is missing.A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gateA. whos B. whose C. that of which.8. The girl _ is rea

12、ding under the tree _my sister.A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was9. I love places _the people are really friendly.A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.A. in that we live B. on which we liveC. where we live in D. we live in. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom

13、填空。1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal.2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4. The house _we live in is very old.5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now？参考答案：I. 1-5BBCAC

14、 6-10 ABCCD. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）通常皆放在它所修饰的名、代词之后，这种名、代词就叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句在四、六级和研究生入学考试以及各类应试中都是一项重要的测试内容。基本定义复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，它起定语的作用。复合句是由一个主句或一个以上的从句而构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成份，起修饰和说明的作用，不能独立存在。先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。

15、一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关系词关系词常有3个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或宾语whom作为宾语，whose作为定语（whom，whose不可省略）。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where）时间状语（when），原因状语（why）。定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来

16、担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“The man”、“The book”。如“那个穿着西装的人是我爸爸”， 这就是一个定语从句。关系代词关系代词引导定语从句，它们所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。who,whom,that这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： （1）Is he the man who/

17、that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）（2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。which、that用来指物whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is call

18、ed an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户）关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want.2.不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置。3. 代表物时多这

19、时的that常被省略；c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“wh”行关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/ which（介词同先行词搭配）1. “where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still reme

20、mber the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything

21、或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。关系词选择只用that不用which（1）当先行词是或被序数词，最高级，不定代词修饰时，关系词用that不用which。（2）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that。（3）当先行词带有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等词时，用that不用which。（4）当主句中有who或which时，为避免重复用

22、that。只用who不用that如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who不用that。只用which不用that1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。This the one of which Im speaking2）非限定性定语从句，用which。3) 描述句中一般用which。Beijing，which was Chinas capital for more than 800years4）those +复数名词之后，多用which .Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those

23、goods which sell best注意（1）there be句型中，指人用who指物用that。（2）当主句中缺少主语或表语时，用the one。关系副词关系副词why关系副词when关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until

24、next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是

25、用作宾语，所以也可以省略。关系副词where关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副

26、词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are

27、cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。详细介绍非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如The

28、house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes

29、 to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时as也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用于在从句中做主语（1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。（2）Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人。whom指人注意：关系代词“whom”在口语和非正式语体中常用“who”代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语，就用“whom”或“who”。H

30、e is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人。You just met the person who was my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友。which 、that 通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。（1）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。（2）I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中。“whose”指物时通常以以下结构来代替：（3）Foot

31、ball is the game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏。（4）This is the pen（which）he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔。that指人时相当于“who”或者“whom”；指物时，相当于“which”当前头有最高级序数词“all”不定代词时必须用“that”。在定语从句中做主语、表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。（5）The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 每

32、年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100万。（6）Where is the man this morning? 今天早上这个男人在哪？when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用。（1）(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语。（1）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.（2）I dont know the reaso

33、n why he looks when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）“that”前“Do you”作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如：（1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略。= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略。（2）

34、Tomorrow I will bring here 用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正确）F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=错误）2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用“whom”，不可用“who”或者“that”；指物时用“which”，不能用“that”；关系代词是所有格时用“whose”（1）The man with whom you talked is my friend.

35、（T）The man famous.（2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）“that”可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。“which”指物，在从句句中作主语；“whom”在从句中作宾语；“why”在从句中修语，先行词通常是“the reason”；有时“why”也可用“for+which”代替。例：A doctor who looks after peoples health.主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词方法一：

36、用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.判断改错:（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (whi

37、ch) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.例. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one,解析： 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、

38、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（“where”地点状语，“when”时间状语，“why”原因状语）。先行词和关系词1）Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替）2）The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （“what”可以用“all that”代替）但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从

39、句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。An invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.定语从句A. itB. thatC. whichD. he答案C。此为非限定性从句，不能用“that”修饰，而用“which”、“it”和“he”都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选“he”句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good,

40、 _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. asD. it答案B“as”和“which”在引导非限宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的

41、名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用“who / whom”。（2）动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词“do”和“as / which”一起代替。“do”可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。（3）句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置。由于先行成分的构成成分”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容质的which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分

42、之后。2. 动词词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定“s”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。4. 有无状语意要是方式状语意义，而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定四、关系代词“as”与“which”一词。如：Freddie,

43、 as might be expected, was attending the conference.1). “Which”作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词“be”省略。2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3). “as”和“which”在特殊从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用“which”而不用“as”。如：He talk

44、ed like a native, which/as he hardly was.5.as用法：1).as引导限制性定语从句a.such.asHe is not such a fool as he looks.I have never heard such a story as he tells.b.the same .asThis is the same book as I lost last week.(区分the same.as与the same.that：两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是

45、同一类，而非同一个。举例：This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。)c.as.asAs many children as came were given some cakes.2).as引导非限制性定语从句常用句式:as is said above 综上所述as is known to all 众所周知as is often the case 通常如此as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的6. “which

46、”在特殊从定法（1）不用that的情况（a）在引导非限定性定语从句时。（错）The tree, which is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.（b）介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.（2）只能用“that”作为定语如“last,just”修饰时，只用“that”。（d）先行词为序数词、数容词，又有物时。（f）先行词指物，在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”时，“that”可作关系副词，也可省略。（h）主句的主语是疑问词“who /which”时，避免重复要用“that”