高考语法专项非谓语动词.doc

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1、高考语法专项 非谓语动词一、概念：在句中不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。他们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语,也有时态和语态的变化。不定式（to do）动名词 (doing) 否定形式：二、分类： 现在分词(doing) 直接在非谓语动词前加not分词 过去分词(done) 不定式 1常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done 完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done 进行式to be doing2语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。例如： 1）主语：To mast

2、er a foreign language is very important. 2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day. 3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4） 宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didnt notice them come in. 注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, m

3、ake, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth. help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.5） 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 6）状语： in order to impro

4、ve her English A目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to improve her English 注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。B原因状语： I am glad to see you . C结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。 在“tooto”结构中表“太而不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.注

5、：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。 另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.3. 复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。It is+adj+of/for+sb+to do sth4. 疑问词不定式：可作

6、主语、表语或宾语。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We dont know when and where to go .（宾语）5. 不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（后附表格） 分词1分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done2语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念

7、。例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车 2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。 例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家4现在分词的基本用法：A作定语：（想当一个定语从句）The sleeping child is only five years old.(The child who is sleeping is)/The girl wr

8、iting a letter there can speak English very well.(The girl who is writing a letter can)The factory making TV sets is very large.(The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)B作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.C作宾补：用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。例如：We

9、 can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework all day. 注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不

10、可改为singing) have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者havelet, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：Ill have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。Ill have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。Dont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语：时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school

11、 life.原因状语：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.5过去分词的基本用法：1）作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.2）作表语：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom ,the door was locked. get3）作宾补：You must have your hair cut. 4）作状语：Giv

12、en more time ,we can do the work much better.6独立主格结构：当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.) 动名词1 形式同现在分词，有四种。2

13、动名词的基本用法：1）作主语：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /Its no use waiting here.1） 作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.2） 作宾语：When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fo

14、nd of dancing?/The boy isnt worth teaching.3） 作定语：This is her fathers walking stick.3 动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there,Wang Dongs/Wang Dong working there 语法功能：1） 作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sbs的形式，此句中的Your不可改为You。）2） 作宾语：I dont like his/him staying with

15、 us.3） 作表语：My joy is his winning the tabletennis game.（his不能改为him） 非谓语动词时态用法总结：1. 一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时（几乎同时）发生，或者在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 2. 完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。一. 作主语用法高考链接(2008 北京 35)It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, andbetter ones of your own. A. introduces B. to introduce C.

16、 introducing D. introduced二做宾语的用法要点1).下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide /determine, learn, want, expect/ hope wish;refuse, manage, care, pretend;offer, promise, choose, plan;agree, ask/beg, help.此外，afford，strive/struggle，happen，wait, threaten, arrange, fail, grow等也要用不定式做宾

17、语eg. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.2). 下列动词只能用动名词做宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon;admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，设想)；avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice;deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate;for

18、bid, imagine, risk;cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape.此外, be accustomed/used to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to; cant stand；be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词做宾语。 练习1.The squirrel was so lucky that it

19、 just missed _.(catch)2. I can hardly imagine Peter _(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.3. I would appreciate your _(call) back this afternoon.4. The discovery of the new evidence let to the thief _.(catch) 高考链接（1）（2010 江西 32）There were many talented actors out there just waiting _. A. to

20、 discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered（2）(2009 上海 35) Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold （3）(2009 上海 39) David threatened his neighbors to the police if the damages were not paid. A

21、. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported（4）(2008 江西 24)I hear theyve promoted Tom， but he didnt mentionwhen we talked on the phone. A. to promote B. having been promoted C. having promoted D. to be promoted3). 下面动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义有区别：（1）forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做); f

22、orget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)（2）remember to do sth.记着去做某事(未做); remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)（3）regret to do sth.对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾; regret doing sth.对已做的事情表示后悔（4）stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事; stop doing sth.停止做正在做的某事（5）try to do sth努力去做某事; try doing sth.做某事试一试（6）mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事; mean doing sth.意味着做

23、某事（7）go on to do sth. （做完某事）继续做另一事； go on doing sth. 继续做同一事= go on with sth.（8）cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事练习（用所给动词的适当形式填空）（1）She didnt remember _(meet) him before.（2）Weve always deeply regretted _(sell) the house.（3）This dictionary cant help _(learn) the language.（4）-Wh

24、en do you plan to leave? -I mean _(leave) tomorrow.高考链接（1）(2009 陕西 12) I still remember _to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken (2008 湖南 34)Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She triedalone，but she didnt like it and moved back home. A

25、. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived4). 在动词allow, permit, forbid, advise后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面后名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即： Sb to do sthAllow，permit,forbid,advise doing sth高考链接：（2007 江苏）-Can I smoke here? -Sorry. We dont allow_ here. A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking5)

26、 “ 特殊疑问词+to do”结构 eg. I dont know what to do. He showed us how to do the work. He has no idea of how to answer this question. where to go tomorrow has not been decided. The question is which to choose.“特殊疑问词+to do”可以在句中作宾语，主语，表语。相当于一个名词性从句。(但why+不带to的不定式。) I dont know what I should do. He showed us

27、how we should do the work. He has no idea of how he should answer this question. where we/I should go tomorrow has not been decided. The question is which one I should choose.三.做宾补用法 (to) do 主动 完成1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, notice; hear, doing 主动 进行使役动词（have） + 宾语+ 宾补 done 被动 完成（无时间性） being

28、 done 被动 进行eg: I heard her sing an English song just now. I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard an English song being sung by a little girl. I want to have my hair cut.随堂练习（用所给动词的适当形式填空）(1)At that moment I saw him _(cross) the road.(2)I was glad to see the

29、children well _(take) care of.2.下列动词后面在主动语态中用不带to的不定式做补语，但在被动语态中要加上to。即“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（ see, watch, observe, look at, notice ）；3使（make, let, have） ;2听（hear, listen to）;1感觉（feel）。eg. Tom was made to wash dishes everyday. 以上动词还可以用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4)。即以上动词除let， make（-2）外都可加现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find， catch， k

30、eep， leave也可用现在分词作宾补。 高考链接（1）（2010 湖南 21）Listen! Do you hear someone _for help? A. calling B. call C. to call D. called （2） (2009 全国 16) They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly. A. being run B. run C. to run D. running （3）(2008 江苏 34)To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear

31、 Englishas much as we can. A. speak B. speaking C. spokenD. to speak（4）(2007 全国 29)I smell somethingin the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt高考链接（1）（2010 辽宁 35）Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles. A. to recognize B. recogni

32、zing C. recognize D. recognized（2）(2007 福建 24)Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written Englishin a short period. A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve5.It is said that he has gone abroad. He is said to have gone abroad. 一个高频结构： sb. be said/ believed/ known/

33、reported/ found/ considered等+不定式 高考链接(1)(2007 重庆 28)Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought(2)(2007 辽宁 29) The crowd cheered wildly at the sigh

34、t of Liu Xiang，who was reportedthe world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. to break1、不定式做定语(1)不定式作定语时要后置。(2)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词且与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，不定式后须有相应的介词。eg. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.(3)用不定式作定语的3种情况：不定式表将来。eg. The car to be bough

35、t is for his sister. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。eg. He was the best man to do the job. 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, answer, reason，way等。eg. I have no chance to go sightseeing2、分词作定语（1）单个的分词作定语放在所修饰词之前，分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后，位置与定语从句一致。（2）做定语的不及物动词分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表正在进行；过去分词表已完

36、成。eg. boiling water；boiled water falling leaves；fallen leaves changing world；changed world（3）现在分词表明所修饰词的特征，一般修饰物，翻译成“令人的”； 过去分词表明所修饰词的心理感受和状态，一般修饰人，翻译成“感到的”。eg. moving film; moved people encouraging report; encouraged students (2003 上海春) it is believed that if a book is interesting, it will surely i

37、nterests the reader.（4）过去分词除表示被动和完成之外，还可表示状态。常见： be interested in, be dressed in, be faced with, be/remain seated等.eg. The window is broken.高考链接（1）（2010 湖南 30）So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered解题技巧：（1）读题； （2）找到非谓语

38、所修饰的名词或代词； （3）体会这个名词或代词与非谓语动词之间的主被动关系以及时态。五作状语用法1 不定式做状语（1）不定式做状语表目的（=in order to/so as to）eg. (2005 上海 35) It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports stars. （2）某些形容词作表语，表示喜怒哀乐，后跟不定式表示原因。eg. I am very glad to see you. I am so sorry to h

39、ear your mother is ill.（2010 天津 12） It rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause解题技巧：（1）读题，分析句子是否考察非谓语动词作状语 （2）找到句子的主语； （3）非谓语动词做状语的总原则：非谓语动词的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致； （4）体会非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系以及时态。巩固练习：1. Helen had to shout _ above

40、the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed3. The man in

41、sisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. You were silly not _ your car.A. to lock B. to have lo

42、cked C. locking D. having locked6. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run7. When flint _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked9. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking