高中英语语法专题非谓语动词.doc

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1、非谓语动词动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词一、 基本概念非谓语动词（the Non-Finite Verbs）是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。1. 动词不定式：有两种形式1) to + 动词原形（即to do）; 2) 动词原形（即 do）2. 动名词：动词+ing，既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。3. 现在分词：动词+ing，形式上与动名词一样，但没有名词的性质。4. 过去分词：规则的过去分词（动词+ed）和不规则的过去分词（不规则动词表），不能单独作

2、谓语二、 性质及能够充当的句子成分1. 动词不定式：1) 具有动词的性质：有时态和语态的变化；可有自己的宾语或状语并构成不定式短语；可与助动词或情态动词构成谓语。动词不定式的时态和语态的变化主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无注：不定式的否定式在它的前面直接加not。2) 具有名词的性质：可在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。（ ）To give ones life to his motherland is a worthy deat

3、h. 为祖国利益而献身，就是死得其所。（ ）She wanted to see which shops offered the best service. 她想看看哪些商店提供最好服务。（ ）Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。（ ）Ill get someone to repair the TV set for you. 我去找个人来帮你修电视机。3) 具有形容词、副词的性质：可以充当定语、状语。（ ）I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。（ ）The child has nothing to worry ab

4、out. 这个孩子无忧无虑。（ ）He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。（ ）They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。（ ）I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。2. 动名词1) 具有动词性质：有时态和语态的变化；可有自己的宾语或状语并构成动名词短语动名词的时态和语态的变化主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注：动名词的否定式在它的

5、前面直接加not。2) 动名词具有名词性质，可单独或组成短语用作主语、表语、宾语、定语。（ ）Walking and swimming are good exercises.（ ）Its no good reading without thinking. （ ）Its no use quarrelling. （ ）The only thing she is interested in is dancing.（ ）They havent finished building the subway. （ ）We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

6、（ ）He cant walk without a walking-stick. （ ）Is there a swimming pool in your school? 常与动名词做宾语连用的动词及短语有： deny, endure, escape, resist, suggest，enjoy, finish, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy,

7、 be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, object to, insist on, feel like，get down to; pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; turn to; be used to (do

8、ing sth); prefer to; devote oneself to; see to.小口诀：避免 错过 多延迟 建议 完成 多练习 喜欢 想象 禁不住承认 否定 与嫉妒 逃避 冒险 莫原谅 忍受 保持 不介意介词后面ing注意；（1）有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：go on doing sth.继续干同一件事; go on to do sth接着去干另外一件事; stop doing sth停止做某事; stop to do sth停下来去干某事;forget doing sth忘记已干了某事; forget to do sth忘记要干某事; rem

9、ember doing sth记得已经干了某事; remember to do sth记住要干某事;try doing sth试着干某事; try to do sth设法干某事; mean doing sth意味着做某事; mean to do sth打算干某事; cant help doing sth禁不住干某事; cant help (to) do sth不能帮助干某事; regret doing sth后悔干了某事; regret to do sth因要做某事而遗憾等等。（2）动词want, need, require, deserve等和形容词worth后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾

10、语，表示被动关系，如接不定式时，则必须用被动形式。即：need doing = need to be done.（3）不定式作介词宾语。介词expect / but之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实义动词do,则expect / but 后接不带to 的不定式；反之，如果except / but前没有实义动词do，则不定式要带to.1. She has no choice but to wait for the news.2. The man can do everything but speak French.3. I have no choice but to stay here.4. He

11、did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.3. 现在分词1) 具有动词性质：有时态和语态的变化；可有自己的宾语或状语并构成不定式短语现在分词的时态和语态的变化主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注：现在分词的否定式在它的前面直接加not。2) 具有形容词、副词的性质：可以充当定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语。（ ）China is one of the developing countries. 中国是发展中国家之一。（ ）The man speaking to the

12、teacher is my father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我的父亲。（ ）The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。（ ）The news is encouraging. 这消息很令人鼓舞。（ ）The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。（ ）I got home, feeling very tired. 我回到家，感到很累。（ ）They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。（ ）Having

13、 finished his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。（ ）Standing on the top of the mountain, we can see the whole city. 站在山顶上，我们可以看见全城。（ ）When I entered the room, I saw him watching TV. 进屋时，我看到他在看电视。（ ）He was seen watching TV. 有人看到他在看电视。4. 过去分词1) 具有动词的性质：只有一种形式，没有时态和语态的变化。2) 具有形容词、副词的性质：可以充当定语

14、、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语。（ ）We have a copy of signed agreement. 我们有一份签过字的协议书。（ ）We went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们开展了一次有组织的旅行。（ ）Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。（ ）The window is broken. 窗户破了。（ ）boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）

15、 the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）（ ）I would keep you informed of whats going on here. 我会让你知道这儿所发生的事情。（ ）We must get everything done before Friday. 我们必须在星期五之前把一切做好。三、 在实际使用中如何区别（重点掌握！）不定式动名词现在分词过去分词1.谓语/2.主语常见：it be +adj.+to do位于句首或it结构/3.宾语紧跟谓语动词后紧跟谓语动词后/4.定语后置，与被修饰的名词常存在动宾关系，或说明名词的内容，或名

16、词是不定式的逻辑主语；也可以表将来。前置，表示功能或用途，可用for替换，如a swimming pool可改为：a pool for swimming 1.现在分词+名词(left除外)；2.名词+现在分词短语；3.被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系；4.现在分词表示正在发生或与谓语同时发生。1.过去分词+名词(left除外)；2.名词+过去分词短语；3.被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上是被动关系；4.过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前或没有时间性。5.状语1.位于句首或句末2.位于句首时,逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致/1.位于句首或句末2.无主语或逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致1.位于句首或句末2

17、.无主语或逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致6.表语名词性质,意思等同主语或表主语所处状态名词性质，对主语起解释说明的作用形容词,表主语所具有的特征形容词,表主语所处的状态(或完成）7.宾语补足语与宾语存在主谓关系/表宾语正在进行某动作表宾语被执行某动作8.主语补足语1. 与主语在逻辑上是主谓关系；2.常用于以下句型：主语+be said/reported/ sure 等+to do/表主语正在进行某动作表主语被执行某动作(一) 谓语：四者都不能单独充当谓语，因此它们被称为“非谓语动词”(二) 主语：不定式和动名词具有名词性质，可充当主语；现在分词和过去分词都不能充当主语。l 不定式充当主语的常见情形

18、（常用it作形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式）：1) 不定式直接放句首（该用法正在逐渐淡化）2) It+be+名词+to doIts my job to teach you well. 教好你是我的工作。3) It +takes/costs+ sb.+ time/money+to do4) It+be+形容词+of （或for）sb +to do（注：it在这些句型中只充当形式主语，真正的主语是不定式）It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It takes me one and a half hour t

19、o walk home from school. 从学校走回家要花费我一个半小时。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。l 动名词充当主语的常见情形：1) 直接放句首：Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth.2) It作形式主语结构，常见的包括it is+no use/no good/fun/useless/nice/good, 还可用于there is no结构中，如：Its no good reading without thinking. There is no joking ab

20、out such serious matters.l 不定式和动名词作主语的区别:1) 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作，常与动作执行者连用Smoking is prohibited here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)试比较：Its no good _(eat) too much fat.Its no good for you _(eat) too much fat.2) 动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成

21、的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)Its impossible to finish the task in 10 minutes. 十分钟是不可能完成这项任务的。3) 不定式和动名词作主语的区别更多时候取决于习惯用法。(三) 表语：四者都可充当表语1. 不定式充当表语的情形：带有动词短语性质，有时表示将来的动作Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。What I would suggest is to star

22、t work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2. 动名词充当表语的情形：带有名词性质。The only thing she is interested in is dancing.3. 现在分词充当表定语的情形：带有形容词性质The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。注意：be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be

23、与现在分词构成系表结构。如：The film is boring. （表明主语的性质“无聊” ）They are planting trees.（说明主语正在执行某一动作）4. 过去分词充当表定语的情形：往往表示完成或被动，或主观感受。The window is broken. 窗户破了。He felt bored. 他感到无聊。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window

24、was broken by the boy.（被动）(四) 定语： 四者都可以充当定语1. 不定式充当定语的情形：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：

25、He has no place to live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is th

26、e first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。2. 动名词充当定语的情形：前置，表示功能或用途，可用for替换a swimming pool = a pool for swimming3. 现在分词充当定语的情形：现在分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后；被修饰的名词如果是不定代词，则现在分词也要放后面。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is my father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我的父亲。I

27、 want to tell you something interesting. 我想告诉你一些有趣的事。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.现在分词的完成式通常只作状语，而不能作定语。4. 过去分词充当定语的情形：过去分词单独做定语时，一般用于名词前；如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

28、The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the remaining 20 dollars (或the 20 dollars left).The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (上海卷)A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded注意：有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。这类过去分词有：gone, come

29、, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）(五) 状语：（重点考查对象）不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可充当状语，动名词不充当状语。1. 不定式充当状语的情形：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。She sold her hair to buy

30、the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。注：不定式表目的时，既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。试将以上两句改为不定式在句首_注：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：判断正误：为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。( ) To save money, every means has been tried.( ) To save money, he has tried every means. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。( ) To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.( ) To learn English well, h

31、e needs a dictionary. 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)：常放在only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。表原因：常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。表程度：tootoIts too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。The question

32、is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。2. 现在分词充当状语的情形：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。Having studied English in America, he was considered one of the best teachers in the university. 由于在美国学过英语，他被认为是本校内最好的教师之一。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is alw

33、ays helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Having failed twice, he didnt want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He droppe

34、d the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：I hunted around from city to city，hoping to get a job.作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就放晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they w

35、ent away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more ca

36、reful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。3. 过去分词充当状语的情形：表示时间Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。表示原因Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。作方式状语，表示伴随Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。作条件状语：Given more time, Ill be able to do it bett

37、er. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。表让步:Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：The door unlocked, he went out. 门没锁好，他就出去了。The bike broken, he had to take a taxi. 自行车坏了，他只好乘出租车。快速辨别l 位置：都可放句首和句末，放句首时都有逗号隔开，放句末时，分词仍有逗号，不定式没有。l 用途：不定式VS分词：不定式在表目的时可与现在分词

38、互换，表其它时都有特定的使用范围（见例句）现在分词VS过去分词：现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动。(六) 宾语：不定式和动名词可充当宾语，现在分词和过去分词不可以。1. 不定式充当宾语的情形：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, preferDo you want to play basketball tonight? 你今晚想打篮球吗？Once you start to smoke, you cannot easily g

39、ive it up. 一旦你抽上了烟，你就不容易戒掉。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。特别注意以下两句的区别：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修理他的自行车什么也没干。动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，

40、如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。2. 动名词作宾语的情形：l 动词： finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；practice doing sth. 练习做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事； keep doing sth.持续做某事l 固定短语： feel

41、 like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间（金钱）做某事； have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难；have fun doing.做某事高兴l 所有介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；s

42、top sb. from doing sth.；do well in doing sth.；be afraid of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead of；be fond ofl 特别注意：to作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth与相比较更喜欢； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；make a contribution to

43、为做贡献3. 现在分词不能充当宾语4. 过去分词不能充当宾语(七) 宾语补足语：动名词不作宾语补足语，其余三者都可充当宾语补足语。1. 不定式充当宾语补足语的情形：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.What do you want me to do?Ill get someone to repair the TV se

44、t for you. 我去找个人来帮你修理电视机。The teacher should leave the students to solve the problem for themselves.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to，这种动词有两类：1） 感官动词：feel, see, hear, watch, notice等（表示动作全过程）I saw him enter the room. 我看见他走进了教室。2） 使役动词：make, let, haveI would have you know that Im serious. 我想要你知道我是认真的。Let me do i

45、t for you. 让我来替你做。需要注意的是，这两类词转换为被动结构时，不定式要加上to！ She was often heard_（sing）this song. I saw him enter the room. （被动）_ 2. 现在分词充当宾语补足语的情形：常见的动词有see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。表示正在宾语正在进行或一直在进行某动作，如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。3. 过去分词充当宾语补足语的情形：常见的动词有see,watch,hear,feel,