最新高三总复习（专题攻略）之阅读理解：高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之词义猜测.doc

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1、历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。教学大纲要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行

2、的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5超纲生词。如： NMET2002大纲之外的和熟词新意的生词达57个，NMET2003年除52个专有名词和15个注汉字的生词外，还有52个生词 (含熟词生义)。有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下

3、去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。该类题常见的考查形式有：A. The phrase “”in the

4、sentence could be replaced by _.B. The word “” in the paragraph refers to _.C. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?D. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “”?E. The word “” most nearly means _.对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测

5、不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍十种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。1构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。例题1 The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in tim

6、e. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. 68. The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means _.A. far-away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret【答

7、案与解析】选A。由合成词out-of-the-way的原意以及下句中的isolation一词，可知灯塔在一个“孤零零”的地方。例题2 Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” 70. The underli

8、ned word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .A. value B. result C. performance D. connection【答案与解析】选B。运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。2利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含

9、义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。例题1Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night. 【答案与解析】通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是同义近义词，词义也应是“寻找食物”。例题2 Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward

10、by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecol

11、e Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.3利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对

12、比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。例题1 Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.【答案与解析】此句是把Jane与她姐妹对比。Jane生性腼腆，不爱交际，而她

13、姐姐却与之相反，那就是“爱交际的”了，这也就猜出gregarious的词义了。例题2 In many nations there are two financial extremes (极端), from penury to great wealth.【答案与解析】penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (贫穷; 贫困)例题3 A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio,

14、an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists.B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D. A demand made by guests.【答案与解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生

15、日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。4利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例题1 Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. Weve collected foreign coins for years since our families wen

16、t on holiday to Tenerife. she explains. That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in. 60. The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _.A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin 【答案与解析】选D。由原文中的Euro (欧元，欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。例题2 The plants are about one meter apart. The

17、 plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.68In the first paragraph ,the word “pruning” means .Aregular cutting of the plants Cregu

18、lar use of chemicals Bfrequent watering Dgrowing the plants high in the mountain【答案与解析】选A。由此段中的 The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 便可猜出Pruning的词义为“剪枝修剪”。例题3“But,” said Ki

19、m, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” 70. The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.A. full of respect B. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet例题4 “No crime whatsoever?”

20、 comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. 58. The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect【答案与解析】选C。buy原意为“买，购买”，在此处根

21、据语境可知意为“相信”。从本段第一句话可知，Mahoney持怀疑态度。后面列举的。400,000这个数字也表示出他的不相信。特别提醒：在做英语阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义！这类猜词题也常见于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有数量的规定，不得超过3；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。5利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破

22、折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例题1 Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.【答案与解析】通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling 是“两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling是“摔跤；摔角”。例题2 Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from i

23、t in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.【答案与解析】antibiotic: a medical substance, such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria that have entered the body (抗生素; 抗生菌)例题3“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said

24、. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain

25、 are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案与解析】由Go

26、ld is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。6利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。例题1 I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meet

27、s a beggar, she gives some coins to him.【答案与解析】通过例句“每次遇到乞丐，她都会给一些硬币”可以猜测出“Generous”的词义应该是“慷慨的”。例题2 You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning. 【答案与解析】通过后面的举例：英语世界，中小学外语教学，英语学习，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。7根据复述或同等关系猜测词义为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明

28、白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。例题1 William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. 74. The underlined

29、word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means_.A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy【答案与解析】选B。由“a mingled yarn”后文的“good and ill together”重复说明可以知道mingled含义和mixed（混合的）最接近。例题2 Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.【答

30、案与解析】由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义-电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副词或短语出现。例题3 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 【答案与解析】此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。在复述中构

31、成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。8利用词义搭配关联猜词任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。例题 I wish this medicine may really cure my backache. 【答案与解析】通过cure前面的“这种药”和后面的“我的背疼”，很容易地判断出 cure的词义为“治好”。9根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instea

32、d of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。例题Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They l

33、earn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? 60. The underlined word cultivated (paragraph 1) roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed例题2However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they

34、 are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful【答案与解析】选A。由However从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take s

35、pecial pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。10利用经验和常识猜词例题1 Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.【答案与解析】通过“年轻的Hoover去世了”，根据常识猜测出一千多人参加的应该是他的“葬礼”。例题2 All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake.【答案与解析】凭经验我们知道：强烈地震会使房子倒塌。据此很容易猜出collapsed是“倒塌”

36、的意思了。例题3“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more

37、 than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to _ .A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 【答案与解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。最后提醒考生，掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后，也不要去“死抠”个别词，除了人名、地名等一些专有名词不必去细究每一处，那些一时难以断定其意思却又不妨碍理解或答题的生词，大可不必理会。当

38、然，做完题之后，可以查阅字典，一方面可以检测自己的推断是否正确，另外，可把一些单词、短语记在专门的本子上，以后经常积累并复习这些词汇（注：最好连同文章中的句子一起摘抄下来）。这样对今后的阅读将会有一定的帮助。因为考试没有很多时间去推测大量的单词，平时一定要尽可能地去积累并熟背大量的单词、短语，经典句子甚至文章。英语高考阅读理解备考建议：首先，在平时要加强阅读。养成每天朗读的习惯以增强记忆，最好还要非常熟练地背一些文章，这样有助于增强语感；有了语感，对篇章的理解就会加强。对初学者，朗读与背诵尤为重要，但实际上对于任何层次上已经熟练掌握外语的人，经常练习朗读同样非常必要；但为培养阅读能力，还是要求

39、尽量做到默读。另外阅读时还要注意：尽可能减少回读，不要用手或用笔指着文章逐词阅读。不要边读边翻译，也不要边读边分析句型搭配，要尽量学会用英语思考问题。要养成良好的阅读习惯，并每天看一到两篇短文，注重对文章主旨的理解，在平时逐步培养分析、判断、归纳和概括的能力。不少同学喜欢找一些阅读理解的书，但我们要明白阅读理解能力的提高不是靠做题来提高的，而是要通过一定阅读量的输入，阅读理解能力的培养和提高都不能单靠课堂，不能靠做题，而是在很大程度上靠课外阅读。其次，考生要培养一定的阅读兴趣。阅读能力与兴趣有关，阅读的兴趣越高，动机愈强，越有利于广泛阅读、提高技能、培养和改善阅读习惯。兴趣是阅读爱好者的内在动

40、因，但兴趣并非与生俱来，而需经过后天培养发展。我们不仅要学会阅读，还要乐于阅读，从被动到主动。再次，丰富的词汇、扎实的基础语法知识(特别是构词法知识、句法分析能力等)都是必不可少的。没有一定的词汇量就不能进行大量的阅读，太多的生词障碍还会造成一定的心理障碍，随着词汇量的扩大，语义、句法知识的增强和阅读技能的提高，阅读速度逐渐同理解速度同步发展，读得越好，理解也越快。另外，长句的出现必然对我们的句法分析能力提出更高的要求，长句往往是初学者在阅读理解中的拦路虎，所以，倘若我们具备准确找出长句最后，我们要努力使自己的语言基础扎实。语言基础是指已掌握的语言知识和言语技能。阅读技能是言语技能的一部分，是

41、可以通过语言学习来掌握的，而且言语技能的提高对阅读能力的提高也有重要促进，反之，阅读能力提高对其他言语技能的发展会发生一定的核心的能力，有些问题就能迎刃而解。促进作用。所以阅读能力是不可能离开语言基础而发展的，语言基础好，阅读技能发展就快，因而从提高语言基础着手，进一步培养阅读能力是必要的。此外，我们还应在一定量的阅读基础上，再进行一定量的专项训练，注意对文章的阅读方法、技巧进行归纳，才能确定正确的解题思路和练习有效的解题技巧。这里提醒大家一句，阅读理解一般要遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”这一分析原则，任何阅读技巧一般都要以此为依据，千万不要凭空想象，以自己的观点、看法代替作者的观点、看

42、法。一般地，我们可以以文章为中心，沿着“文章题目文章”的思路解题。一开始做阅读理解题就先读短文，寻找话题，抓住大意，留心每篇文章的标题、首句和尾句，理顺脉络，并且要注意文章中的承接语，借助于它们的提示，分析段落结构，分清层次，确定文章的主题思想和细节。其次再读题目，一一看清阅读选项，分清试题种类；若是客观理解题，要仔细研究相关句子和段落，抓住支撑的有用信息；若是主观理解题，必须依靠原文，按事实，挖掘文章内涵，进行合理推断；我们还可以以快速阅读为基础，灵活交替运用浏览、跳读，句意揣摩和细读等技巧。另外，可以话题为主线，可以题目内容特点为着眼点，从而扣住解题的关键。任何事物都有其特点，抓住了特点就抓住了问题的关键。