金融全球化与国际货币联盟.doc
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1、金融全球化与国际货币联盟摘 要:本文试图探讨在金融全球化背景下国际货币体系的演进趋势。为此笔者考察了货币本位、汇率制度和国际经济政策协调等三个方面的内容,得出的结论既相互支持也相互补充,文章的最终结论是货币联盟将成为下一阶段国际货币领域的主要架构。在货币本位部分,笔者系统回顾了百余年来国际货币本位变迁的历史。笔者的基本思路是,一个国际货币体系实际上是各主要国家经过重复博弈后达成的较稳定的均衡,为了维持均衡,系统必须具有相容性,即各主要国家接受在该体系下锁定的利益安排和秩序结构。随着时间的推移和国家之间相对实力的此消彼长,造成主导国家不愿意继续承担维持国际通货稳定的责任,或者从属国家不甘处于国际
2、货币政策的被动接受者的地位时,系统将变得不相容,从而引发货币危机和金融危机。经过各国的重新博弈,或者是改良旧的国际货币体系以提高其相容性,或者是建立更具相容性的新的国际货币体系。笔者随即从系统相容性的角度对国际货币体系进行了历史制度分析。研究结果表明,所有的商品本位制都因为解决不了通货数量增长和通货价值稳定这一矛盾,而不具备长期的系统相容性。以贵金属作为货币本位,将使得世界经济的增长速度收敛于贵金属的全球开采增量,货币纪律过于刚性和严厉。金汇兑本位制和商品储备本位制反映了缓解这种矛盾的努力,试图以不足值的黄金和较为充足的初级产品来替代足值黄金,但是仍不能完全解决这一问题。历史证明,以任何实物资
3、产充当货币本位,都因为其数量限制而不能与经济总量的无限扩张相匹配。所以,以信用本位替代实物本位的趋势,即货币本位虚拟化的趋势不可避免。布雷顿森林体系实际上是混合本位制,由于它仍包含实物本位的成分,因此该体系仍然不能摆脱特里芬两难的困扰;由于它也包含信用本位的成分,该体系也注定会面临信用本位的最大“敌人”信心危机的困扰。兼具两种本位制度弊端的布雷顿森林体系也不能在长时间内维持系统相容性。牙买加体系实际上是由国别货币充当世界货币的信用本位体系。它本质上是货币霸权和新重商主义的摩擦性融合,是发展中国家不断边缘化的中心外围构架。其系统不相容的关键是由于缺乏真正意义上的竞争者,处于货币霸权中心地位的国家
4、(美国)不愿意担负起维持和调节国际货币秩序的重任。牙买加体系能否继续维持取决于人们对美元的“信心危机”何时爆发。如何对牙买加体系进行改良以提高其系统相容性?通过构建货币联盟,在国际货币的选择上引入竞争和多样性,从而使大国不得不承担起提供“稳定的国际货币秩序”这一公共产品的责任,是目前看来最可行的选择。货币联盟实际上是由区域货币充当世界货币的信用本位体系。在这一体系下,因为各大货币区之间可能达成均势,在国际货币领域建立成本与收益相匹配的利益分配格局的可能性就更大。系统相容性也能够在尽可能长的时间内得以维持。在汇率制度的选择部分,笔者从全新的角度对迄今为止重要的汇率理论进行了整合。结论反映在两张表
5、内,一是钉住汇率和浮动汇率在不同的方面各具优势,二是选择相同汇率制度的国家之间具有一些共同的特征。笔者随即进一步分析了金融全球化背景下汇率理论和实践的新进展。分析的逻辑是,首先,只有完全固定的汇率制度(货币联盟、货币局)或者完全浮动的汇率制度才能持久;第二,“害怕浮动论”反映了不论发达国家或是发展中国家,事实上都有将汇率固定在一个区间内的偏好,这说明在金融全球化下浮动汇率有向固定汇率复归的趋势;第三,目前发生的一些新情况使得对于货币局制度的批评升级。因此最后的结论自然是,货币联盟看上去应该是今后占主导地位的汇率制度。在国际经济政策协调部分,溢出效应表明货币金融政策应该在全球范围内进行重新配置。
6、霸权稳定结构和哈马达图形为国际经济政策协调提供了两个理论基础。国际经济政策协调分为国际货币政策协调和外汇市场联合干预两方面,但不幸的是,在这两方面都存在合作无效甚至逆效的可能。为避免国际货币政策协调陷入逆效,一是政策协调应该在商业周期和经济结构相似的国家之间进行,二是合作应该制度化;为避免外汇市场联合干预出现逆效,联合干预应该以货币政策协调为基础,并且与之相配合。这又说明了在货币联盟内部的国际经济政策协调更容易取得成果。关键词:金融全球化 国际货币体系 系统相容性 货币联盟Abstract: This paper tries to discuss the evolutionary trend
7、of the International Monetary System in the process of financial globalization. The analysis is based on three aspects: the currency standards, the exchange rate regimes, and international economic policy coordination. The conclusions of the three parts can support and reinforce each other. The ulti
8、mate conclusion is that, the Currency Union may become the leading international monetary architecture in the near future.In the part of currency standard, this paper makes a historic retrospect about the evolvement of international currency standards. The basic contention of this paper is, the esse
9、nce of an International Monetary System is a stable equilibrium reached by repeated games between large countries. To maintain the equilibrium, the system should retain compatible, i.e., every large country would accept the fixed interest distributing arrangement and order. As time goes by, the rela
10、tive forces of different countries have changed. If the dominating country doesnt want to assume the obligation of stabilizing the international currency any more, or if the subordinate countries doesnt want to keep on standing in a passive position when making monetary policies, the system will bec
11、ome incompatible, and monetary crises or financial crises will arouse. After the new games between the main economies, the existing international monetary system will be either renovated or substituted by a brand-new one, in the case of enhancing compatibility.The research points out that, because a
12、ll types of commodity standard are unable to resolve the contradiction between the increasing of the currency quantities and the stabilizing of the currency values, the international monetary systems based on commodity standard dont have the long-term compatibility. Any effort to use commodities as
13、currency standard is doomed to fail, because the increasing rate of any commodity couldnt keep up with that of practical economy. That means that the trend of the virtualization of currency standard is unavoidable.The Breton Woods System is virtually a mixed currency standard system. On the one hand
14、, because it is partly commodity standard, it cant resolve the Trifin Dilemma. On the other hand, because it is partly credit standard, it cant avoid the confidence crisis, which is a common problem under credit standard. The Breton Woods System has both the disadvantages of the two currency standar
15、ds, so it cant maintain compatibility in the long run.In fact, the Jamaica System is a credit standard system, in which US Dollar plays the role of the world money. This system is an incompatible combination between monetary hegemony and neo-merchantism. It is also a central-outside architecture in
16、which the marginalization of developing countries goes on. The key point of the incompatibility lies in that, because there are no real competitors, the United States would not like to assume the liability to maintain and adjust the function of the international monetary system. When the Jamaica Sys
17、tem will collapse depends on when the confidence crisis of US Dollar breaks out.How to reform the Jamaica System and increase the systems compatibility? The most practical way is to set up the currency unions, which can import competence and add diversity to the field of currency standard. In order
18、to win in the competence, the leading countries will have to commit the obligation to manage the order of international monetary system. Under the background of currency unions, the leading countries are more likely to reach equilibrium, so it is more possible to establish an interest distributing m
19、echanism in which costs match revenues. As a result, the compatibility could be maintained in a relatively long period.In the part of the exchange rate regimes, this paper summarizes nearly all the important theories about selecting exchange rate regimes, from a brand-new angle. The conclusion is de
20、monstrated in two forms. The first conclusion is that either fixed exchange rate regime or the flexible one has its own advantages in different aspects. The second conclusion points out that the countries share some common characteristics, which select the same exchange rate regime. Then this paper
21、analyzes some new theories or practices about the selecting of exchange rate regime in the process of financial globalization. First, only the absolute fixed exchange rate regime (currency union or currency board) or the absolute floated one can retain compatible in a long period. Second, the theory
22、 of “Fear of Floating” states that both developed countries and developing countries have the preference to fix their exchange rate in a narrow band, which means the fixed exchange rate regime has a tendency of renaissance in the financial globalization. Third, some new criticisms arouse against cur
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- 金融 全球化 国际货币 联盟
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