基于多主体模的型的行为金融学研究以对股票市场的模拟为例.doc
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1、基于多主体模型的行为金融学研究-以对股票市场的模拟为例 中国人民大学 硕士学位论文摘要 (中外文合订)论文题目: (中文) 基于多主体模型的行为金融学研究?以对股票市场的模拟为例(英文)Research on Behavioral Finance Based on Multi-agent Models?Modeling and Simulating Stock Market作 者: 张巧婷指导教师: 陈禹 教授金融市场是现代经济生活中十分重要的组成部分,是现代经济的核心。现代金融学发展了近60年,已经形成比较成熟、十分系统化的金融学理论。但随着经济、金融市场的不断发展,金融学研究的不断深入,逐
2、渐兴起了一套新的研究金融学的理论:行为金融学。 目前对金融学的主流研究主要采用的是传统的分析方法,但是传统的分析方法在研究金融学问题时存在一定的局限性,因为传统的分析法很难从细节上确定和研究投资者的行为特征,从而使得研究的假设前提与现实情形的差距较大。随着复杂性理论的发展,研究者们发现,将复杂系统理论应用到金融学的研究,如研究投资者行为、股票市场发展变化等等,是行之有效的。 本文通过分析行为金融学研究的内容和特点以及复杂适应系统理论、基于主体的建模与仿真的思想与方法,阐述了将基于主体建模的方法应用于行为金融学研究的可行性与研究意义。文中介绍了行为金融学的兴起及其发展,介绍了国内外对行为金融理论
3、的研究现状,特别介绍了应用主体建模方法研究行为金融学中的问题和理论的研究现状;还介绍了模型方法、复杂适应系统理论、基于主体的建模与仿真方法以及面向对象的方法和技术,这些介绍和讨论奠定了本文的主要论题?“将基于主体的建模方法应用于行为金融学研究”?的理论基础,并为进行该研究提供了研究方法和技术手段。 从复杂系统理论的角度,我们可以把金融市场看作是一个包含大量个体以及个体之间相互联系与作用的复杂系统。个体在微观层面的行为和个体间的相互作用会涌现出整个系统在宏观层面的一些行为特征和表现。我们可以通过这种自底向上的方法来研究很多相关理论问题:如价格的变化机制、投资者行为对市场价格波动的影响、投资者个性
4、对投资者行为的影响以及投资者间的相互影响等等。建立虚拟股票市场模型是进行这种研究的昀好选择之一,可以通过设定投资者的行为特性和行为规则等等,来研究市场整体层面的变化。 基于此,本文在 SWARM 模拟平台上,建立了两个不同的多主体模型:投资者决策模型和跟庄模型。在这两个模型中,分别建立了虚拟股票市场进行模拟仿真研究。 在投资者决策模型中,建立了一个虚拟金融市场,其中包括两种投资者:理性投资者和非理性投资者,其中非理性投资者又分为趋势预期者、过度自信投资者以及损失厌恶的投资者(基于期望理论)三种。该模型模拟了在行为金融学中提出的一些投资者行为,包括理性投资行为、趋势预期投资行为、过度自信以及损失
5、厌恶,分析了股票价格如何被每种类型的投资者影响以及当引入自然选择机制时,各类投资者数量的变化。 我们通过模拟发现:(1)当市场中包括相同数量的理性投资者和趋势预期者时,股票交易价格与基本价值一致,并且在自然选择的条件下,理性投资者能够生存下来;(2)当趋势预期者所占的比例很高时,股票交易价格与基本价值的偏离很大,非理性投资者总是能获得超额报酬,并且通过自然选择,理性投资者会被逐渐淘汰;(3)当市场中存在过度自信的投资者时,股票的交易价格与基本价值大大偏离,并且投资者过度自信的程度越高,交易价格相对于基本价值的偏离越大;(4)正如在期望理论指出的,当非理性投资者过分地估计损失时,交易价格与基本价
6、值大大偏离。这些结果表明,在实际的市场中,非理性投资者有可能有定价的能力,使得交易价格与基本价值相偏离,并获得超额报酬。 该模型的结果说明,当将传统金融理论的假设扩展为更接近实际情况的时候,传统金融理论可能会失效。 跟庄模型主要针对股票市场中存在的“操纵”、“跟庄”、“随庄就市”等现象进行模型构建与仿真模拟,在该模型中,建立了一个虚拟股票市场,其中包括两种投资者:庄家和其他投资者,根据投资者对待庄家的态度,又将其他投资者分为紧跟庄家者、参考庄家者以及不跟庄者,通过模拟这些投资者的行为分析投资者的坐庄、跟庄行为对股票价格的影响,并引入了投资者对其投资策略的更新,分析各类投资者数量的变化。 通过模
7、拟发现:(1)当市场中仅存在紧跟庄家者和不跟庄者时,在不跟庄者所占的比例较大时,股票价格的变动不受庄家的操纵;而当紧跟庄家者较多时,庄家能够轻易地操纵股票价格的变动,并从中大量获利;(2)当市场中同时存在紧跟庄家者、参考庄家者和不跟庄者时,庄家操纵股市的能力有所削弱;(3) 当有跟庄的情形出现时,市场上出现了明显的羊群效应;(4)当我们允许投资者根据遗传算法的原理进行投资策略的学习和更新时,紧跟庄家者总是被淘汰。本文应用上述两个模型,研究了不同的投资者行为对股票市场的影响。建模实践的过程,充分体现了将复杂系统思想以及基于主体建模的方法和技术应用于行为金融学研究的优势。基于主体的建模方法在经济研
8、究,尤其是在行为金融理论的研究方面,可以弥补传统研究方法,如统计、分析方法的不足,可以验证或发现新的理论和观点,对研究现实金融市场和行为金融理论具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。关键词:基于主体;行为金融学;股票市场 Nowadays, Financial Market is one of the most important parts of the economy. We have a series of mature, systematic financial theory nowHowever, as the financial market and economy develop rap
9、idly and the research of finance goes much deeper, a new series of theory of finance rises, that is Behavioral FinanceAt present, the main method for financial research is traditional analytical method. However, it is hard for analytical method to be used to define the feature of the behavior of the
10、 investors in detailTherefore, the hypothesis of the research deviates largely from the reality. As the development of the complexity theory, the researchers find that applying the complex system theory to the financial research is effective and usefulIn this paper, we have explained the feasibility
11、 and the significance of applying agent-based method to behavioral finance. We have introduced the rise and the development of behavioral finance, the domestic and overseas status quo of researching behavioral finance and the domestic and overseas research status quo of applying agent-based method t
12、o behavioral finance especially. We have also introduced the methodology of model, the theory of complex adaptive system, the methodology of agent-based modeling and simulation and object-oriented approach and technique in this paper. These introductions and discuss establish the theoretic foundatio
13、n of the thesis of this paperFrom the point of view of complex system theory, we can treat the financial market as a complex system which contains an amount of agents and the agents in which have interactions. We can use this bottom-up approach to research lots of relative problems, such as the mech
14、anism of the movement of the price, how the behavior of investors affects the movement of traded price. One of the best choices is to build a virtual stock market to research these problems. We can research the change of the market in the global level through setting the features and the rules of th
15、e investors behaviors in the virtual stock marketTherefore, we built two multi-agent models, named Investors Decision-making Model and Following Banker Model, on the SWARM platformIn both models, we built a virtual stock market for simulation respectivelyIn the Investors Decision-making Model, we bu
16、ilt a virtual stock market which contains two types of investors, rational ones and irrational ones. There are three types of investors among the irrational ones: trend predictors, overconfident investors and aversion to loss investors based on Prospect TheoryFrom the simulation, we found that 1 the
17、 traded price is accordant with the theoretic value when the market contains the same number of rational investors and trend predictors, and the rational investors survive according to the principle of natural selection, 2 the traded price deviates largely from the theoretic value in the case that t
18、he ratio of trend predictors is very high, and the rational investors are eliminated from the market according the principle of natural selection, 3 the traded price deviates largely from the theoretic value in the case that there exist overconfident investors in the market, besides, the more invest
19、ors being overconfident, the larger the deviation is,(4)as pointed in the Prospect Theory, the traded price deviates largely from the theoretic value in the case that the investor estimates the loss excessively. These results indicate that the irrational investors may have the pricing power and obta
20、in excess returnsThese results also indicate that traditional financial theory may lose its efficiency when we try to extend the hypothesis of traditional financial theory to make it closer to the realityThe Following Banker Model focused on the phenomena of manipulating stock price and following th
21、e banker. In this model, we built a virtual stock market which contains two types of investors: banker and the other investors. We defined three types of investors among the other investors according to their attitude to the banker. These types are called close followers, reference bankers and not f
22、ollowers respectively. We also use an algorithm of updating the strategy of investment to analyze the movement of the amount of investors of each typeFrom the simulation, we found that 1 the banker can not manipulate the price of stock in the case that the ratio of not-followers is large enough when
23、 the market contains only two types of investors, close followers and not-followers, the banker can manipulate the stock price easily when the ratio of close followers is large enough and obtain large amount of return, 2 the power of the banker to manipulate the price becomes weaker in the case that
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- 基于 主体 行为 金融学 研究 股票市场 模拟
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