机械外文翻译文献翻译现代电力电子及电源技术的发展.doc

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1、现代电力电子及电源技术的发展现代电源技术是应用电力电子半导体器件,综合自动控制、计算机(微处理器)技术和电磁技术的多学科边缘交又技术。在各种高质量、高效、高可靠性的电源中起关键作用,是现代电力电子技术的具体应用。当前,电力电子作为节能、节材、自动化、智能化、机电一体化的基础,正朝着应用技术高频化、硬件结构模块化、产品性能绿色化的方向发展。在不远的将来,电力电子技术将使电源技术更加成熟、经济、实用,实现高效率和高品质用电相结合。高频开关电源的发展趋势在电力电子技术的应用及各种电源系统中，开关电源技术均处于核心地位。对于大型电解电镀电源,传统的电路非常庞大而笨重,如果采用高顿开关电源技术,其体积和

2、重量都会大幅度下降,而且可极大提高电源利用效率、节省材料、降低成本。在电动汽车和变频传动中,更是离不开开关电源技术，通过开关电源改变用电频率,从而达到近于理想的负载匹配和驱动控制。高频开关电源技术,更是各种大功率开关电源(逆变焊机、通讯电源、高频加热电源、激光器电源、电力操作电源等)的核心技术。通信用高频开关电源。通信业的迅速发展极大的推动了通信电源的发展。高频小型化的开关电源及其技术已成为现代通信供电系统的主流。在通信领域中,通常将整流器称为一次电源,而将直流-直流(DC/DC)变换器称为二次电源。一次电源的作用是将单相或三相交流电网变换成标称值为48V的直流电源。目前在程控交换机用的一次电

3、源中,传统的相控式稳压电源己被高频开关电源取代,高频开关电源(也称为开关型整流器SMR)通过MOSFET或IGBT的高频工作,开关频率一般控制在50-100kHz范围内,实现高效率和小型化。近几年,开关整流器的功率容量不断扩大,单机容量己从48V/12.5A、48V/20A扩大到48V/200A、48V/400A。因通信设备中所用集成电路的种类繁多,其电源电压也各不相同,在通信供电系统中采用高功率密度的高频DC-DC隔离电源模块,从中间母线电压(一般为48V直流)变换成所需的各种直流电压,这样可大大减小损耗、方便维护,且安装、增加非常方便。一般都可直接装在标准控制板上,对二次电源的要求是高功率

4、密度。因通信容量的不断增加,通信电源容量也将不断增加。1. 高频化理论分析和实践经验表明,电气产品的变压器、电感和电容的体积重量与供电频率的平方根成反比。所以当我们把频率从工频50Hz提高到20kHz,提高400倍的话,用电设备的体积重量大体下降至工频设计的 5l0%。无论是逆变式整流焊机,还是通讯电源用的开关式整流器,都是基于这一原理。同样,传统“整流行业”的电镀、电解、电加工、充电、浮充电、电力合 闸用等各种直流电源也可以根据这一原理进行改造, 成为“开关变换类电源”,其主要材料可以节约90%或更高,还可节电30%或更多。由于功率电子器件工作频率上限的逐步提高,促使许多原来采用电子管的传统

5、高频设备固态化,带来显著节能、节水、节约材料的经济效益,更可体现技术含量的价值。2. 模块化模块化有两方面的含义,其一是指功率器件的模块化,其二是指电源单元的模块化。我们常见的器件模块,含有一单元、两单元、六单元直至七单元,包括开关器件和与之反并联的续流二极管,实质上都属于“标准”功率模块(SPM)。近年,有些公司把开关器件的驱动保护电路也装到功率模块中去,构成了“智能化”功率模块(IPM),不但缩小了整机的体积,更方便了整机的设计制造。实际上,由于频率的不断提高,致使引线寄生电感、寄生电容的影响愈加严重,对器件造成更大的电应力(表现为过电压、过电流毛刺)。为了提高系统的可靠性,有些制造商开发

6、了“用户专用”功率模块(ASPM),它把一台整机的几乎所有硬件都以芯片的形式安装到一个模块中,使元器件之间不再有传统的引线连接,这样的模块经过严格、合理的热、电、 机械方面的设计,达到优化完美的境地。它类似于微电子中的用户专用集成电路(ASIC)。只要把控制软件写入该模块中的微处理器芯片,再把整个模块固定在相应的散热器上,就构成一台新型的开关电源装置。由此可见,模块化的目的不仅在于使用方便,缩小整机体积,更重要的是取消传统连线,把寄生参数降到最小,从而把器件承受的电应力降至最低,提高系统的可靠性。另外,大功率的开关电源,由于器件容量的限制和增加冗余提高可靠性方面的考虑,一般采用多个独立的模块单

7、元并联工作,采用均流技术,所有模块共同分担负载电流,一旦其中某个模块失效,其它模块再平均分担负载电流。这样,不但提高了功率容量, 在有限的器件容量的情况下满足了大电流输出的要求, 而且通过增加相对整个系统来说功率很小的冗余电源模块,极大的提高系统可靠性,即使万一出现单模块故障,也不会影响系统的正常工作,而且为修复提供充分的时间。3数字化在传统功率电子技术中,控制部分是按模拟信号来设计和工作的。在六、七十年代,电力电子技术完全是建立在模拟电路基础上的。但是,现在数字式信号、数字电路显得越来越重要,数字信号处理技术日趋完善成熟,显示出越来越多的优点:便于计算机处理控制、避免模拟信号的畸变失真、减小

8、杂散信号的干扰(提高抗干扰能力)、便于软件包调试和遥感遥测遥调,也便于自诊断、容错等技术的植入。所以,在八、九十年代,对于各类电路和系统的设计来说,模拟技术还是有用的,特别是:诸如印制版的布图、电磁兼容(EMC) 问题以及功率因数修正(PFC)等问题的解决,离不开模拟技术的知识,但是对于智能化的开关电源,需要用计算机控制时,数字化技术就离不开了。4绿色化电源系统的绿色化有两层含义:首先是显著节电, 这意味着发电容量的节约,而发电是造成环境污染的重要原因,所以节电就可以减少对环境的污染;其次这些电源不能(或少)对电网产生污染,国际电工委员会(IEC)对此制定了一系列标准,如IEC555、IEC9

9、17、IECl000等。事实上,许多功率电子节电设备,往往会变成对电网的污染源:向电网注入严重的高次谐波电流,使总功率因数下降,使电网电压耦合许多毛刺尖峰,甚至出现缺角和畸变。20世纪末,各种有源滤波器和有源补偿器的方案诞生,有了多种修正功率因数的方法。这些为2l世纪批量生产各种绿色开关电源产品奠定了基础。现代电力电子技术是开关电源技术发展的基础。随着新型电力电子器件和适于更高开关频率的电路拓扑的不断出现,现代电源技术将在实际需要的推动下快速发展。在传统的应用技术下,由于功率器件性能的限制而使开关电源的性能受到影响。为了极大发挥各种功率器件的特性,使器件性能对开关电源性能的影响减至最小,新型的

10、电源电路拓扑和新型的控制技术,可使功率开关工作在零电压或零电流状态,从而可大大的提高工作频率,提高开关电源工作效率,设计出性能优良的开关电源。 总而言之,电力电子及开关电源技术因应用需求不断向前发展,新技术的出现又会使许多应用产品更新换代,还会开拓更多更新的应用领域。开关电源高频化、模块化、数字化、绿色化等的实现,将标志着这些技术的成熟,实现高效率用电和高品质用电相结合。这几年,随着通信行业的发展,以开关电源技术为核心的通信用开关电源,仅国内有20多亿人民币的市场需求,吸引了国内外一大批科技人员对其进行开发研究。开关电源代替线性电源和相控电源是大势所趋,因此,同样具有几十亿产值需求的电力操作电

11、源系统的国内市场正在启动,并将很快发展起来。还有其它许多以开关电源技术为核心的专用电源、工业电源正在等待着人们去开发。Development of modern electric electron and power technologyModern power technology to use electric and electronic semiconductor device, utomatically control synthetically , computer (microprocessor ) technology and electromagnetic multi-dis

12、ciplinary edge of technology pay and technology. Play a key role in the power of various kinds of high quality , high-efficient , high dependability , it is the concrete application of the modern electric and electronic technology. At present, the electric electron is regarded as energy-conservation

13、 , festival just, automation , intelligent, foundation that the electromechanics is integrated, develop in high frequency of application technology , hardware structure module , green direction of properties of product. In the near future, , economy , practical that electric and electronic technolog

14、y will make the technology of the power riper, realize that with high efficiency and combining together high-qualitily with the electricity.Development trend of the high-frequency switch powerIn the application in electric and electronic technology and various kinds of power systems, the power techn

15、ology of the switch is in the key position . As to electroplating the power large-scaly and electrolytically, the traditional circuit is very huge and cumbersome, if it is high to adopt switch power technology once, its volume and weight will all drop by a large margin , and can improve the utilizat

16、ion efficiency of the power , save materials , lowering costs greatly . In the electric automobile and frequency conversion are transmitted, it is due to the power technology of the switch even more, change power consuming frequency through the switch power , thus reach almost ideal load and match a

17、nd drive controlling. Power technology of the high-frequency switch, it is the key technology of various kinds of high-power switch power (go against and turn into welder , communication power , high frequency and heat the power , laser instrument power , electric operating power etc. ) even more.Co

18、mmunication uses the high-frequency switch power. The rapid development of communication industry has promoted the development of communication power greatly. The switch power and technology of high-frequency miniaturization have already become the mainstream of the electric power system of modern c

19、ommunication. Among communication field, call rectifier one power usually, and direct current- direct current (DC/DC) changer call the power 2 times. One function of power single-phase or three phases exchange electric wire netting is it mark person who claim for direct current source of 48V to vary

20、. In once power that the program-control exchanger uses at present,Traditional own to replace high-frequency switch power steady voltage plug of accusing of etc., high-frequency switch power (call switch rectifier SMR too ) work through MOSFET or high frequency of IGBT, the frequency of the switch i

21、s generally controlled within the range of 50-100kHz, realize the high efficiency and miniaturization. In recent years, the capacity of power of the switch rectifier is expanding constantly, the unit is own from 48V/12 in capacity. 5A , 48V/20A are expanded to 48V/200A , 48V/400A.Because integrated

22、circuits used are various in style in the communication equipment, its voltage of power has nothing in common with each other, adopt high-frequency DC-DC of the density of high power to isolate the power module in the communication electric power system , various kinds of direct currents needed are

23、pressed to vary from voltage of middle bus bar (generally for 48V direct current ), in this way , can reduce and loss , convenient safeguarding greatly , and it is very convenient to install , increase. Generally mounted on control panel of the standard directly , the requisition for power two times

24、 is the density of high power. Because the constant increase of the capacity of communication, the capacity of the communication power will increase constantly.1High frequencyTheory between analysis and practical experience indicate electric voltage transformer, inductance, volume of electric capaci

25、ty of product weight in inverse proportion to square root of power supply frequency. So 50Hz bring 20kHz up to frequently from worker frequency as us, raise time of, volume weight , power consuming of equipment drop to 5 that the worker designed so l0% frequently. No matter go against the becoming t

26、ype rectification welder , or the switch type rectifier that the communication power used, all on the basis of this principle. Same, tradition rectification trade electroplate , electrolytic , electric machining , charge , is it charge to float, electricity shut floodgate can go on the transformatio

27、n with ,etc. various kinds of direct current power according to this principle too, becoming the switch varying type power , its main material can economize 90% or higher , can also economize on electricity by 30% or more . Because the gradual improvement of the electronic device operating frequency

28、 upper limit of the power, impel a lot of traditional high-frequency equipment solid state that adopted the electron tube originally, bring remarkable energy-conservation, economize on water, economizing the economic benefits of the material, can reflect the value of the technological content even m

29、ore.2ModuleThe module has meaning of two respects, first refer to the module of the power device, second refer to the module of the unit of the power . Our common device module , contain between Entrance one , Entrance two , Entrance six and Entrance seven, including the device of the switch and the

30、 diode has flowed with its parallel instead one continuouslying is all the power module (SPM ) of standard in fact. In recent years, some companies protect the drive of the device of the switch the circuit is put into the power module too, having formed intelligent power module (IPM ) , not only has

31、 narrowed the volume of the complete machine, furthermore has helped the design of the complete machine make. In fact, because frequency constant to raise, cause lead wire parasitic inductance , depend on to have more serious influences electric capacity for a living, lead to the fact heavy electric

32、 stress to device (show as the overvoltage , the electric current burr passes). For improve systematic dependability, some manufacturer develop special-purpose user have power module(ASPM), it all hardwares install reach a piece of module in the form of chip nearly one complete machine, make the com

33、ponents and parts no longer have traditional lead wire that is joined , such module , through the design of strict , rational hot , electricity , machinery, reach and optimize the perfect condition. Special-purpose integrated circuit of user that it is similar to in microelectronicses (ASIC ). So lo

34、ng as write controlling the software into the microprocessor chip in this module , and then fix the whole module on corresponding radiator, form a new-type switch power device . Therefore, the module purpose not merely lies in being easy to use, narrow the whole organism to accumulate, the more impo

35、rtant thing is that cancels the traditional line , it is minimum to bring the parasitic parameter down to, thus it is lowest to drop the electric stress that the device bears to, improve systematic dependability . In addition, the switch power of high-power, because of the limitations of capacity of

36、 the device with increasing the redundant consideration which improves dependability, generally adopt a lot of independent module units to connect in parallel and work , adopt and flow technologically, all module share the load current together, once a certain module loses efficiency among them, oth

37、er module shares the load current equally. In this way , not only has improved the capacity of power , has responded to the request that the large electric current is exported in case of limited capacity of device, and pass and increase the redundant power module very small in power as to whole syst

38、em, the great systematic dependability of improvement, even in case the trouble of the single module appears, will not influence the normal work of the system either , and offer abundant time for repairing.1.3DigitizationIn the electronic technology of the traditional power, control and is designed

39、and worked according to the analog signal partly. In six , the seventies, electric and electronic technology is totally set up on the basis of imitating the circuit. However, the digital signal, digital circuit seem more and more important now, the treatment technology of the digital signal is perfe

40、cted day by day riply, demonstrate more and more advantages : The convenient computer deals with and controls, prevent from distortion of analog signal distorted reducing stray interference (improve anti-interference ability ) , convenient software package debugging and telemetering measurement dist

41、ant to adjust remote sensing of signal, benefit technology of diagnose , fault-tolerant by oneselfing etc. to plant into too. So, in eight , the 1990s, to the designs of all kinds of circuit and system, simulation technology is still useful, especially: Print Butut , electromagnetic getting compatib

42、le problem and power factor person who revise settlement of problem that make a plate, it is due to the knowledge of the simulation technology, but to the intelligent switch power, need leaving in digitized technology when the computer control.1.4GreenThe green of the power system has meaning of two

43、 layers: Economize on electricity notably at first, this is it generate electricity thrift of capacity to mean , is it cause important reason of environmental pollution to generate electricity, so economizing on electricity can reduce the pollution of the environment ; It is secondly the power can (

44、or not the little) to lasting pollution electric wire netting,make International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC ) to this by a series of standard, for instance IEC555 , IEC917 , IECl000 ,etc. Whether in fact, a lot of power electron economize on electricity equipment, can turn pollution sources in

45、 electric wire netting into often. Inject serious high times of in harmony wave electric current into to electric wire netting , make total power factor drop, make electric wire netting voltage coupling a lot of burr spike , even lack the horn and distortion. At the end of the 20th century, various

46、kinds of schemes of active wave filter and active compensator were born, there is factor method of the power of many kinds of revision. These establish the foundation that 2l century produces various kinds of green switch power products in batches.Modern electric and electronic technology is a found

47、ation of the power technical development of the switch. Suitable for with new-type electric electronic device high switch circuit of frequency a topological one constant to appear, fast development under a push of an actual need that the technology of the modern power will be here . Under traditiona

48、l application technology, enabling turning on or off the performance of the power because of restriction of the device performance of the power influences. In order to give play to the characteristics of different power devices greatly , make the impact on power performance of the switch of the perf

49、ormance of the device reduce to minimumly , new-type power circuit topological and new-type control technology, can make power is it work in zero voltage or zero electric current state to turn on or off, thus very big improvement operating frequency, improve the power working efficiency of the switch, design the of good performance switch power .In a word, because electric electron and switch power technology use the demand to develop forward con