土力学第七章课后习题答案答案.doc

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1、7-1 某挡土墙高6m，填土34，c0，19kN/m3，填土面水平，顶面均布荷载q 10kPa，试求主动土压力及作用位置。 解 7-2 某挡土墙，墙背填土为砂土，试用水土分算法计算主动土压力和水压力。 解 7-3 某挡土墙，墙高5m，墙背倾角10，填土为砂，填土面水平0，墙背摩擦角15，19kN/m3，30，c0，试按库仑土压力理论和朗肯土压力理论计算主动土压力。 解 (1)按库仑土压力理论计算 80，0，15，0，30，Kq1 主动土压力系数 (2)按朗肯土压力理论计算 朗肯主动土压力适用于墙背竖直(墙背倾角为0)、墙背光滑(0)、填土水平(0)的情况。该挡土墙，墙背倾角为10，15，不符合

2、上述情况。现从墙脚B作竖直线BC，用朗肯主动土压力理论计算作用在BC面上的主动土压力。近似地假定作用在墙背AB上的主动土压力为朗肯主动土压力正。与土体ABC重力G的合力。 作用在BC上的朗肯主动土压力 土体ABC的重力 作用在AB上的合力E 合力E与水平面夹角 7-4 某拱桥，高6m，土层分布和土指标如图所示，试计算墙背静止土压力和被动土压力 (K00.5)。 解 (1)静止土压力计算 a点 00 b点 0K0h0.518436kPa 6点黏土顶面 00.518.0436kPa c点 00.5(1h1+2h2)0.5(184+17.52)0.510753.5kPa (2)被动土压力计算 7-5

3、 某挡土墙高12m,试计算主动土压力。 解 将地面均布荷载换算成填土的当量土层厚度。 a点土压力强度 eahKa1202.50.33316.65kPa b点土压力强度 eb1hKa120(2.5+2.0)0.33329.97kPa b点水位处土压力强度 eb220(2.5+2.0)0.3935.1kPa c点土压力强度 ec(q+1h1+2h2)Ka2(50+202+1010)0.3974.1kPa b点水压力强度 ebw0 c点水压力强度 ecwwh1010100kPa 总压力 EEa+Ew592.6+5001092.6kN/m7-6 某挡土墙高6m，试计算墙所受到的主动土压力。解 a点土压

4、力强度 eahKaqKa100.494.9kPa b点上土压力强度 b点下土压力强度 eb2(q+1h1)Ka2(10+183)0.3623.04kPa c点土压力强度 ec(q+1hl+2h2)Ka2(10+183+19.53)0.3644.1kPa 7-7 某混凝土挡土墙高6m，分两层土，第一层土，1 19.5kN/m3，c112kPa，115；第二层土217.3kN/m3， c20，231。试计算主动土压力。 解 临界深度z0 b点上土压力强度 计算b点下土压力强度，把第一层土简化为当量土层厚h b点下土压力强度 eb22hKa17.33.380.3218.7kPa c点土压力强度 ec

5、2(h+h2)Ka217.3(3.38+3)0.3235.3kPa 土压力 7-8 某挡土墙高7m，填土顶面局部作用荷载q10kN/m2，试计算挡土墙主动土压力。 解 主动土压力系数 从荷载两端点作两条辅助线，它们与水平面成角，认为b点以上和c点以下土压力不受地面荷载影响，而bc间的土压力按均布荷载计算。 db3tan3tan5031.193.6m ac5tant5tan5051.195.95m a点 ea0 b点上 eb1hKa183.60.7045.4kPa b点下 eb2(q+h)Ka(10+183.6)0.752.36kPa c点上 ec1(q+h)Ka(10+5.9518)0.781

6、.97kPa c点下 ec2hKa185.950.7074.97kPa d点 edhKa1870.7088.2kPa 主动土压力 7-9 某挡土墙高H6m，墙背倾角80，填土面倾角10，15，0.4，填料为中砂，30，18.5kN/m3，砌体22kN/m3，试设计该挡土墙。解 由地基基础设计规范(GB 500072002)图L.0.2知 Ka0.44 EaxEasin(-)146.5sin(80-15)132.8kN/m EazEacos(-)146.5cos(80-15)61.9kN/m 设墙顶宽为2.0m，底宽为4.0m，则墙重 抗滑移稳定性 抗倾覆稳定性 G作用位置距墙趾距离工x0 7-

7、10 某挡土墙高6m，用毛石和M5水泥砂浆砌筑，砌体重度22kN/m3，抗压强度 fy160MPa，填土19kN/m3，40，c0，基底摩擦系数0.5，地基承载力特征值 fa180kPa，试进行挡土墙抗倾覆、抗滑移稳定性、地基承载力和墙身强度验算。 解 挡土墙主动土压力 作用点离O点1.62m。 (1)抗倾覆稳定性 (2)抗滑移稳定性 (3)地基承载力验算 (4)墙身强度验算 验算离墙顶3m处截面I-I的应力。 I-I以上的主动土压力 I-I以上墙体重 G1离O1点的距离为0.995m。 I-I截面上的法向应力 I-I截面上剪应力 根据砌体结构设计规范(GB 500032001)，砌体的摩擦系

8、数f0.6。7-6 某混凝土挡土墙墙高H6m，80，10，墙背摩擦角15，填土为中砂，30，18.5kN/m3，地基承载力特征值fak100kPa，试设计该挡土墙。 解 初定墙顶宽1.0m，底宽5.0m。 10，80，类土查建筑地基基础设计规范(GB 500072002)图1.0.2，Ka0.438，18.5620.438145.8kN/m。 PayPasin(+10)Pasin(15+10)145.80.42361.7kN/m Paxpacos(+10)145.8cos(15+10)145.80.91132kN/m 查规范GB 500072002表6.6.5-2知，0.4。 抗滑稳定性验算

9、抗倾覆稳定性验算 诸力对O点力臂2.5m，b4.65m，h2m 作用在基础底面总竖向力 NG+pay432+61.7439.7kN/m 合力作用点与O点距离Pmax98.51.2fak1.2100120kPa，满足。7-11 某挡土墙高7m，填土顶面局部作用荷载q10kN/m2，试计算挡土墙主动土压力。 解 主动土压力系数 从荷载两端点作两条辅助线，它们与水平面成角，认为b点以上和c点以下土压力不受地面荷载影响，而bc间的土压力按均布荷载计算。 db3tan3tan5031.193.6m ac5tant5tan5051.195.95m a点 ea0 b点上 eb1hKa183.60.7045.

10、4kPa b点下 eb2(q+h)Ka(10+183.6)0.752.36kPa c点上 ec1(q+h)Ka(10+5.9518)0.781.97kPa c点下 ec2hKa185.950.7074.97kPa d点 edhKa1870.7088.2kPa 主动土压力 以下是大学体验英语综合教程2(第三版)课后翻译答案Unit11. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote)Answer:Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote.2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply

11、for, scholarship)Answer:A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester.3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of)Answer:On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking.4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in)Answer:The park is located righ

12、t in the center of town.5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities)Answer:The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire.1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for)Answer:They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success.2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。(revolutionize

13、)Answer:The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases.3. 由于这个国家的经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of)Answer:The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country.4. 大学毕业后他成为了一名护士。他认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding)Answer:He became a

14、 nurse after college. He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career.5. 他像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as)Answer:He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it.Unit21. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。(fill out)Answer:The policemen are busy fi lling out forms about the accident.2. 我想在还车之前把油箱加满。(fill up,

15、 fuel tank)Answer:I want to fi ll up the fuel tank before returning the car.3. 如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。(follow the procedure)Answer:If you want to make a complaint, youd better follow the correct procedure.4. 要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。(without)Answer:We couldnt have fi nished the experiment so soon without Joh

16、ns help.5. 暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期发现小船的踪迹。(scan for)Answer:After the storm, the people on the shore anxiously scanned the lake for any sign of the boat.1. 这个国家不大，但是在国际事务中它却发挥着重要作用。(play a role)Answer:This country is not big, but it plays an important role in international affairs.2. 正是在我叔叔的帮助下，我得以克服困难，

17、按时完成了任务。(it is . that)Answer:It was with the help of my uncle that I overcame the difficulty and completed the assignment in time.3. 毕业时他决定留在北京，而他最好的朋友却选择了去西藏。(while)Answer:While he decided to stay in Beijing upon graduation, his best friend chose to go to Tibet.4. 在这次校园英语演讲比赛中，我们班的玛丽获得了第三名。(come in

18、)Answer:In this Campus English Speaking Contest, Mary from our class came in third.5. 你应该知道学习弹钢琴需要有时间，有金钱，还要有毅力。(as well as)Answer:You should know that it takes time, money as well as perseverance to learn to play the piano.Unit31. 我发现量入为出地过日子越来越难了。(increasingly)Answer:I find it increasingly difficu

19、lt to live within my income.2. 现代政治家们都试图以电视讲话来影响普通百姓。(reach out)Answer:Modern politicians try to reach out to ordinary people in their TV speeches.3. 应该帮助学生对人生采取积极的态度。(adopt)Answer:Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive attitude to life.4. 希望全班同学参加这些讨论。(participate in)Answer:Everyone in the cla

20、ss is expected to participate in these discussions.5. 如果你犯了罪就必须受到惩罚。(crime)Answer:If you commit a crime you must expect to be punished.1.儿子的死让老妇人变得麻木痴呆了。(numb)Answer:The old woman was numbed by her sons death.2.身处所有这些烦恼之中，他依然能保持乐观。(in the midst)Answer:In the midst of all troubles, he managed to rema

21、in cheerful.3. 虽有困难，他们还是设法坚持试验下去。(carry on)Answer:They managed to carry on their experiments in spite of the difficulties.4.我们必须淘汰不合格的申请人。(weed out)Answer:We have to weed out unqualified applicants.5. 医生要他减少抽烟。(cut down on)Answer:The doctor told him to cut down on smoking.Unit41.她在公共汽车站一直等到末班车进站。(co

22、me in)Answer:She waited at the bus stop until the last bus came in.2.如果我们能帮得上忙，尽管和我们联系。(contact)Answer:If there is any way we can be of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us.3 .他需要多少船务人员才能使他的游艇航行？(crew, yacht)Answer:How many crew does he need to sail his yacht?4 .虽然她的新书没有上一本好，但是我还是喜欢它。(no

23、t quite as)Answer:I enjoyed her new book though its not quite as good as her last one.5 .我从未遇到过如此善良的人。(never before)Answer:Never before have I met such a kind person.1.公共汽车放慢速度并停下，让那位乘客上车。(slow down)Answer:The bus slowed down and stopped to allow the passenger to get on board.2.许多车子都驶过去了，可是没有一辆愿意让我们

24、搭便车。(roll by)Answer:Many vehicles rolled by, but no one offered us a ride.3 .请勿践踏草地。(get off)Answer:Please get off the grass.4.他按妻子的吩咐，一下班就去了市场。(make ones way)Answer:He made his way to the marketplace right after work, as his wife had asked him to do.5 .值得庆幸的是，史蒂夫 (Steve) 从自行车上摔下来时没有摔断骨头。(luckily)An

25、swer:Luckily, Steve didnt break any bones when he fell off his bike.Unit51. 我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的角度来对待这件事。(from a professional standpoint)Answer:We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional standpoint.2. 这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。(lose oneself in)Answer:The play was so wonderful that I

26、 soon lost myself in the excitement of it.3 .她没有什么爱好除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。(unless)Answer:She hasnt got any hobbies unless you call watching TV a hobby.4. 他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。(first-hand)Answer:He said that he had got the information first-hand from the Mayor himself.5 .既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。(since)Answer:S

27、ince you cant answer the question, perhaps wed better ask someone else.1. 由于公共汽车司机突然刹车，旅客们都不由自主地向前摔倒。(brake, pitch forward)Answer:All the passengers pitched forward because the bus driver braked sharply.2. 这个协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的障碍。(break through, obstacle)Answer:This agreement will break through the obstac

28、les to free trade.3 .我刚放下叫出租车的电话，车就来了。(soon after)Answer:The taxi arrived soon after I rang for it.4. 在过去，不管我什么时候到家，我父母总会等我。(no matter)Answer:My parents always waited up for me no matter what time I got home.5 .由于没有一方愿意让步，两个公司之间的对话完全破裂了。(break down)Answer:Talks between the two companies completely b

29、roke down, because neither of them wanted to give in.Unit61. 那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。(have a shot)Answer:Its a difficult job, but Id like to have a shot.2. 这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。(as opposed to)Answer:This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory.3. 社会活动从未耽误她的学习。(in the way)Answer:Social activities

30、never get in the way of her studies.4. 直到1911年人们才发现第一种维生素。(It is not until . that)Answer:It was not until 1911 that the first of the vitamins was identified.5. 尽管年事已高，爷爷每天还帮忙做家务。(despite)Answer:Despite advanced years, Grandpa helps do housework every day.1. 我们的婚姻很幸福，但我们也曾经历过许多坎坷。(ups and downs)Answe

31、r:Our marriage is happy but weve had many ups and downs.2. 许多外语教师常常在课堂上自顾自地讲得太多。(be inclined to)Answer:Many teachers of foreign languages are inclined to talk too much themselves in class.3. 那位著名演员每天早晨锻炼一小时以保持健康。(work out)Answer:The famous actor keeps fit by working out for an hour every morning.4.

32、与他促膝长谈之后，她的怀疑消失了。(melt away)Answer:After a long heart-to-heart talk with him, her suspicion melted away.5. 目前我们没有职位空缺，但我们肯定会记住您的申请。(keep in mind)Answer:We have no vacancies now, but well certainly keep your application in mind.Unit71. 他并不后悔说过的话，只是觉得他完全可以不用这种方式表达。(could have done)Answer:He did not re

33、gret what he had said but felt that he could have expressed it differently.2. 我们最好等到12月14日。那时大卫已考完试，就能和我们一起去度假了。(will have done)Answer:Wed better wait till 14 December. David will have had his exam by then, so hell be able to go on holiday with us.3. 他正在做一个新项目，年底前必须完成。(work on)Answer:Hes working on

34、a new project which has to be finished by the end of the year.4. 他们让我们使用他们的实验室，作为回报，我们则让他们分享研究成果。(in return)Answer:They are letting us use their lab, and in return, we are sharing with them the results of our research.5. 诸如打电话、听电话一类的事情占用了这位秘书的大部分时间。(take up)Answer:Such things as making and answering

35、 telephone calls take up most of the secretarys time.1. 他们把房子卖了后就到加拿大和女儿住在一起。(go off) Answer:They sold their house and went off to live in Canada with their daughter.2. 你下星期这个时候会在干什么？还是像平常一样干活。(will be doing)Answer:What will you be doing this time next week?Ill be working as usual.3. 他既聪明又勤奋，不久就接管了杂

36、志的编辑工作。(editing; before long)Answer:He was intelligent and hard-working and before long he took over the editing of the magazine.4. 你话还没说完别人就挂断电话，难道你不恼火吗？(hang up)Answer:Dont you hate it when someone hangs up on you before you finish speaking?5. 让他们感到惊恐的是，他们的房顶着火了。(to ones horror)Answer:To their horror, the roof of their house caught fire.