跨考英语名师考试考研英语最后冲刺讲义.doc

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1、跨考英语名师考试考研英语最后冲刺讲义晏晏初尚书，请僧住院，僧辞以穷漏不可为。景初曰：“高才固易耳。”僧曰：“巧妇安能作无面汤饼乎？”-陆游合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于垒土；千里之行，始于足下。-老子PREFACE写作重点考查1语言表达能力 2逻辑思维能力 3题目理解能力阅卷老师喜欢的作文1Not too many mistakes. （主谓一致、时态、拼写、短语）2Clear structure. (Essay + Paragraph)3Various use of words and sentence structure. 4Some ideas.一、写什么1、审题、立意，选择合适的模

2、板；2、列提纲-把第一时间想到的观点用快捷的方式记下关键词；4、无论记下的观点是多还是少都要马上选定2-3个容易写的。想如果观点少，也不用冥思苦想，写两个观点就行。二、怎么写篇章1、重笔开篇-点明主题；2、紧扣议题-展开作文，不离提纲；3、回应效应-结尾呼应开头。CONTENTSPART ：作文十大句型2PART ：常用谓宾搭配3PART ：应用文4UNIT 文体类型4UNIT 各种信函类型5UNIT 信函写作格式20PART ：议论文21UNIT 九大主题词汇21UNIT 27个写作高频语汇33UNIT 议论文十四大功能语汇35UNIT 造句练习36UNIT 文章欣赏40PART ：作文十大

3、句型1. It -(1) It is obvious to most of us, in particular the younger ones, that SVO.(2) It goes without any slightest question (doubt) that SVO.(3) It can be said with much certainty and confidence that SVO.(4) It has been repeatedly pointed out by some authoritative sources that SVO.2. To -To tell t

4、he truth / To be honest / To be more exact / To put it in a more accurate way 3. As -(1) As far as I am aware, SVO.(2) As is well-known to the general public, SVO.(3) As is often the case, SVO.(4) As often mentioned by some experts, SVO.4. There be -(1) There is no denying an obvious fact that, SVO.

5、(2) There is certain element of truth in saying that SVO.5. What -(1) What matters is that SVO.(2) What needs to be emphasized rahter than overlooked here is that SVO.(3) What must be rememberd about the situation is that SVO.(4) What I have to pointed out here is that SVO.6. which -SVO, which SVO f

6、act+commentHe jumped out and killed himself, which is baffling many people.(1) , which is of great importance (benefit) to our life (society).(2) , which is damaging both physically and spiritully.7. It is that I bought a book yesterday.It is yesterday that I bought the book.I love you because you l

7、ove me.It is because you love me that I love you.8. Only + adv.If we have fund, we can protect cultural heritage.Only if we have fund, can we protect cultural heritage.We can solve the problem in this way as soon as possible.Only in this way can we solve the problem.Only in this way, to tell the tru

8、th, can we It only 9. as as It is important to protect cultural heritage.Nothing in this world is as important as to protect cultural heritage.The biz shoule be responsible for society.Nothing is as important as the bizs responsibility for society.Nobody should be as responsibility for society as th

9、e biz.10. not but not because but because We should protect heritate because the heritage is a part of our history.We should protect heritage not because we can make money out of it but because the heritage is a part of our history.PART ：常用谓宾搭配谓宾搭配economy （经济方面）save money, save resource, improve eff

10、iciencyenvironment（环境方面）purify air/water, protect forest/soileducation（教育方面）promote educational justice, instruct kidscommunity（社会组织方面）make community peaceful and harmonious, reduce crimefamily（家庭方面）stabilize family, consolidate family relationship (link)healty（健康问题）improve health, add satisfaction动

11、词 lead to, give rise to, bring about, originate from, derive from, be rooted in, have a lot to do with, be involved with名词personal interest, living pressure, financial desire, time, health, knowledge, schoolingfamily issues (divorce, single parenting, violence, prejudice)job (employment, income, pro

12、motion, stress, office politics, condition)psyche (depression, satisfaction, fulfillment, pride)society (system, economy, cultural, communication, population)environment (pollution, worsenting situation, resources)PART ：应用文UNIT 文体类型一 信函 英文书信主要分为两大类：私人信函和公务信函。 私人信函是指与朋友、家人之间的往来书信，其内容比较自由，只需包括以下几部分即可：

13、称呼、正文、落款； 公务信函类型多样，应用范围非常广泛，属于正式文体。 此类信函的共同特点是： 1 内容明确，不可漫无目标； 2 言辞诚恳、坦然，不能感情夸张； 3 语言清晰、简洁、有礼。 从形式上侧重考查公务信函，因为只有此类信函才需要用到书面语的正式语体。二 备忘录 备忘录主要用于公司或部门内部的交流，其主要作用是为雇员传达信息，本公司或部门之外的人一般是看不到的。备忘录一般使用非正式文体，但也可以根据内容及收文人与发文人之间关系而具体决定。例如向上级报道重要事情就需要使用正式的文体。备忘录内容可以采取段落的形式，也可以采用数字编号。 备忘录的结构形式一般包括以下几个部分： 1 信笺上端的

14、公司名称、地址、电话号码等：一般只包括公司名称，地址可以省略； 2 信头包括：To, From, Subject和Date等措词。To后面接收件人姓名、职务等；From后面接备忘录写作者的姓名（注意作者姓名前面不用Dr., Miss, Mr., Ms.之类的称呼）；Subject后是备忘录主要内容的概括性小标题；Date后写日期； 3 正文段落：主题下面空两行写正文，不用称呼和结尾礼词； 4 作者姓名首字母写在正文末行空一行的地方； 功能：1 提供会议摘要；2 为主管人员与职员之间的交流提供更便捷的渠道；3 确认电话交流或会面内容。三 告示与通知 告示、通知之类的应用文，写作灵活多样，有正式和

15、非正式等多种形式，其目的均为告诉公众某件事或某项活动。文字要求简洁易懂，表达直截了当。这部分又可分为两类，一类是有关部门就某事发出的通知或张贴的告示，此类文件要求结构严谨，用词确切，通常使用比较正式的文体。另一类是关于会议或活动的简单通知，此类文章至少需要包含以下内容：时间、地点、活动内容。四 便条 便条是一种简短信函，形式比书信简单，多使用非正式文体。内容可包括：时间、收信人、事由、写信人。通常不写发信人地址，开头甚至可以省略Dear等称呼，结尾也可以略去祝贺的话和Yours sincerely等语言。其使用语言特点是通常情况下比一般的信函更接近口语。由于写信人和收信人对互相的情况都十分熟悉

16、，因此一般的客套话均省略。UNIT 各种信函类型一 邀请信 (A Letter of Invitation) 邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件，形式上大体分为两种：一种为正规的格式(formal correspondence)，亦称请柬；一种是非正式格式(informal correspondence)，即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规，但也是很考究。书写时应注意： 邀请信一定要将邀请的时间（年、月、日、钟点）、地点、场合写清楚，不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如：Id like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Frid

17、ay. 这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确，所以应加上具体日期Id like you and Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth. 写作练习： 1 邀请朋友共进午餐 Inviting a friend to informal luncheon 2 邀请朋友同他们不认识的人一起共进晚餐 Inviting friends to supper with the strangers 3 邀请参加新厂开工典礼 Invitation to opening ceremony of new factory 4 邀请来家中小住及周末聚会 An i

18、nvitation for a house and weekend party 5 邀请参加招待会 An invitation for a reception 6 邀请演讲 Inviting someone to address a meeting 写作“三步走”：说明邀请目的-说明活动安排-期待尽早回复 提示：信中要说明关于活动的详细信息，包括活动时间、地点、内容，有时需要说明参加活动的人员。语气要热情真挚，但不要强人所难。Directions: You are going to celebrate your 23rd birthday with a big party. Write a l

19、etter to invite your friend Anne to the party. In the letter, please specify the time and the location, explain the activities, and express your wish for her attendance.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. 范文：Dear Anne, I wonder if there i

20、s any chance for your to come to my 23rd birthday party at my house on this Saturday night, May the 8th. It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. In addition, since you are a fan of rock music, I am glad to tell you that I have invited our campus RocknRoll band, the Brainbrea

21、k, to perform. There are also arrangements for dancing and cake-cutting, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy. The dinner starts at 6 pm so that we can have a nice and long evening. I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision.Love,Li Ming译文：亲爱的安： 不知你这周六（即5月8日）晚上是否能够来我家参加

22、我的23岁生日派队？我非常想和你一起分享那些重要的时刻。此外，因为你是个摇滚乐歌迷，所以我也很高兴地告诉你，我还邀请到了我们的校园摇滚乐队Brainbreak来我的晚会演出。另外我还安排了舞会和切蛋糕等活动，相信你一定会玩得很开心。 晚饭将于6点开始，这样我们就能够享受一个漫长且愉快的夜晚。 我非常希望您能够光临我的晚会，请告知我你的决定。 谨上， 李明闪光词汇及词组：fan: n. 歌迷，影迷，爱好者rock music, RocknRoll: 摇滚音乐arrangement: n. 安排cake-cutting: n. 切蛋糕thoroughly: adv. 十分地，彻底地presence

23、: n. 出席，到场万能句型：I wonder if there is any chance for your to come to.It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you.I am glad to tell you that.There are also arrangements for . which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy.The dinner starts at . so that we can have a nice and long evening

24、.I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision. 邀请信的回复 邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点： 1 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如邀请年、月、日，星期几、几点钟等，如Ill be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve oclock.。2 邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写Ill come if Im in town. 这类的话，

25、以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。 二 申请信 (A Letter of Application) 申请信有很多种，有求职申请信、有加入某组织的申请信、有报考申请信、有申请学位或留学申请信，等等。无论哪一种申请信，一般都包括这样几个部分：申请的原因，具备的条件，恳请申请单位考虑自己的申请，并表示谢意，期望回复。 写作“三步走”：开宗明义说明申请原因-展开原因-期盼回复、表示感谢 提示：1 语言言简意赅，语气诚恳礼貌； 2 要避免不符合事实的浮夸； 3 如果是留学申请和奖学金申请，要注意提供以下信息：写明申请学校和专业，简介个人履

26、历，索取对方学校相关信息，附上个人经历等材料。Directions:Being a volunteer for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is your strong wish. Write a letter to the Beijing Olympic Committee to state your application to be a volunteer, describe your qualifications, and express the appreciation of an interview.Do not sign your own nam

27、e at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. 范文：Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express my great interest in the Olympic Volunteer Recruitment launched recently by the Beijing Olympic Committee, and I would like to apply as a qualified candidate. As I am an English ma

28、jor, my fluency in both Mandarin and English, as well as my basic command of French, guarantees that I meet the language requirement for the various volunteer positions. More importantly, I have been an enthusiastic participant in many international exchange programs-which are reflected in my attach

29、ed resume-and therefore, I believe my communication skills make me competent for such a post. Should you grant me an interview, I would be most grateful. Yours truly Li Ming译文：尊敬的先生或女士： 我对北京奥组委最近启动的“奥运会志愿者招募”活动十分感兴趣，我认为我是一个合格的人选并且在此向您推荐我自己。 作为一个英语专业的学生，我的汉语和英语都十分流利，而且还会基本法语，因此我非常符合各种志愿者职位的语言要求。更重要的是

30、，我一直以来积极热情地参与各种国际交流项目-这些经历都详细地反映在附件我的简历中-因此，我相信我的交流能力使我能够胜任这个职位。 如果您给我一个面试的机会，我将感激不尽。 您真诚的， 李明闪光词汇及词组：launch: v. 开始，启动fluency: n. 流利Mandarin: n. 普通话guarantee: v. 保证meet the requirement: 符合要求enthusiastic: adj. 热情的reflect: v. 反映be competent for: 胜任（某项工作）万能句型：I am writing to express my great interest i

31、n.I would like to apply as a qualified candidate.As I am an X major.Should you grant me an interview, I would be most grateful.三 询问信 (A Letter of Inquiry)询问信的主要目的是寻求所需信息，通常包括以下几个方面的内容：首先表明写作意图，说明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息；然后就某一具体问题进行询问；最后表明获取信息的急切心情，可以提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并表达你的感谢之情。 写作“三步走”：自我介绍、说明目的-具体询问事宜-表示感谢、

32、期盼回复 提示：询问信的语气通常比较正式、和缓，要充分表达感激之情。同时，相比较语气直接的 疑问句，用一些能够起到提问作用的陈述句更佳。Directions: You and your family are planning for a trip to Hong Kong during the May holiday. Write a letter to a travel agency to explain your travel plans, ask for relevant information, and express your gratitude for a reply.Do not

33、 sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. 范文：Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to ask for information about your agencys Hong Kong travel packages for the May holiday. My family and I plan to travel there from May 1st to 7th, in which period we would l

34、ike to visit most of the scenic spots and shopping centers. A DIY program would be preferable. It would be greatly appreciated if you could provide us with yoru travel packages and their corresponding price per person, covering both hotel and a return ticket. I would be grateful to receive a prompt

35、reply as the holiday is approaching. Yours cordially, Li Ming译文：尊敬的先生或女士： 我想询问一下贵旅行社在五一假期的香港旅行计划方面的信息。我和我的家人计划在5月1日至7日去香港旅游，期间我们希望能够访问大部分的旅游景点和购物中心。我比较倾向于一个自助旅游的计划。如果您给为我提供一份具体的旅游计划及人均价格、其中包括旅馆和往返机票，我将不胜感激。 由于假期临近，希望您能够尽快回复，谢谢。 您真诚的， 李明闪光词汇及词组：scenic spot: 景点DIY: do it yourself, 自己动手的，自助的correspondi

36、ng: adj. 相应的return ticket: 往返机票approach: v. 接近，靠近万能句型：I am writing to ask for information about.A DIY program would be preferable.It would be greatly appreciated if you could provide us with your travel packages and their corresponding price per person, covering both hotel and a return ticket.I woul

37、d be grateful to receive a prompt reply.四 投诉信 (A Letter of Complaint) 在人们的生活中经常会发生一些事情，比如消费利益受损、正常生活和工作受到干扰等等令人伤脑筋的事情，有时写封投诉信不失为一个解决的办法。 投诉信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明投诉的原因并表示遗憾；实事求是地阐述问题发生的经过，切记不要夸大其词；指出问题引起的后果；提出批评及处理的意见或敦促对方采取措施或者提出所希望的赔偿以及补救方式。 写作“三步走”：说明投诉问题-描述具体情况-期待解决方案 提示：写投诉信时语气要冷静、郑重、克制，不必过于礼貌。但也要就事论

38、事，不能进行人身攻击。同时，在描述问题时尽量采用被动句式，使描述更加客观合理。Directions: You bought a digital camera in a store last week, and you have found that there is something wrong with it. Write a letter to the store manager to explain the problem, express your complaints and suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words

39、on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. Do not write the address. 范文：Dear Manager, I venture to write to complain about the quality of the digital camera I bought last Friday at your store. During the five days the camera has been in my possession,

40、 problems have emerged one after another. For one thing, the screen is always black, making the camera no different from a traditional one. For another, the battery is distressing as it supports the cameras operation for only two hours. Therefore, I wish to exchange it for another camera or declare

41、a refund. I will appreciate it if my problem receives due attention. Yours, Li Ming译文：尊敬的经理： 我冒昧给你写这封信，投诉我上周五在您商店里购买的数码相机的质量问题。购买至今的五天中，各种问题一个接一个地出现。一方面，相继屏幕总是黑屏，我们使用起来仿佛和传统相机没有区别。另一方面，电池的状况也不尽人意，只能支持相机工作两个小时。因此，我希望可以换一个相机，否则我要求退款。我希望这个问题能够得到足够的重视。 谨上， 李明闪光词汇及词组：venture: v. 冒昧，斗胆in sbs possession: 拥

42、有emerge: v. 显现出来one after another: 一个接一个make sth no different from sth: 使.和.没有区别distressing: adj. 令人苦恼的，使人痛苦的万能句型：I venture to write to complain about.For one thing. For another.Therefore, I wish to exchange it for another . or I declare a refund五 道歉信 (A Letter of Apology) 我们在工作或生活中，有时难免会犯一些错误，写封致歉信

43、就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出现差错的原因；提出弥补措施；请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚，解释的理由要真实，不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解，还会增进彼此的感情。 写作“三步走”：表示歉意-说明具体原因、提出补救办法-再次致歉、希望得到理解 提示：在写作过程中，尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分；在解释完原因后，尽量提供一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加完满。Directions: You are invited to a dinner at a friends house, but you are not able to

44、attend because of the preparation for a coming examination. Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. 范文：Dear Anne, Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. Unfortunately,