胸腹主动脉瘤手术麻醉处理课件.ppt
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1、1,胸腹主动脉瘤手术的麻醉处理,2,一、腹主动脉瘤病因及发病机制1.吸烟 烟草燃烧产生的气态物质进入血液,可将蛋氨酸氧化成蛋氨酸亚砜,蛋白水解酶活性增加,加重了动脉壁弹力蛋白的降解,引起动脉壁力量减弱而导致动脉瘤的形成。,3,2.高血压 及发病率和破裂的危险性有密切的关系,3.年龄因素 动脉壁的弹力蛋白纤维随年龄的增长出现降解、断裂和钙化,使动脉壁难以承受血压的冲击而发生动脉瘤。,4,4.炎症反应 慢性炎症反应中的巨噬细胞和活化的T、B淋巴细胞可刺激金属蛋白酶的产生,促进结缔组织的降解,削弱和破坏主动脉壁中层,导致产生动脉瘤。,5,另有研究认为,雌激素水平是动脉瘤的产生的原因之一:在腹主动脉瘤
2、形成的过程中雌激素可能通过降低组织基质金属蛋白酶2、9(MMP-2、9)的 mRNA 表达、蛋白合成,从而延缓动脉瘤的形成.,-国外医学-,6,7,二、腹主动脉瘤的病理改变1.真性动脉瘤:动脉粥样硬化是常见原因。动脉粥样硬化的危险因素:高胆固醇血症、糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、吸烟史,男性,等等。2.假性动脉瘤:多见及动脉损伤。3.夹层动脉瘤:动脉壁中层囊性坏死或退行 性变。,8,三、诊断 腹部搏动性包块 神经压迫症状 下肢缺血症状血管造影、CT、MRI、高速螺旋CT等影像学检查,9,四、胸腹主动脉瘤的手术方式及概况手术方式:1.Open repair2.Medal graft stent3.Bal
3、oon-expandable4.Hand-help laparoscope repair,Elective surgery by open transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach is the most common repair intervention.However,placing an endoluminal stent graft within the aneurysm is currently being evaluated as an alternative to open repair.,J-Cardiovasc-Nurs.200
4、1 Jul;15(4):1-14,Newer,minimally invasive catheter-based endovascular technology utilizing stent grafts are currently being evaluated for abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA)repair.,Vasc-Surg.2001 Sep-Oct;35(5):335-44,12,平均年龄 68.5+/-7.7 years.高血压病史 55%,心脏病 73.5%,外周血管疾病 21%,中风和短时间缺血22%,糖尿病 7%,肾功能不全 10%,吸烟史
5、 80%.,Vasc-Surg.2001 Sep-Oct;35(5):335-44,Complications:Complication rates varied widely among hospitals.Complications independently associated with increased risk of in-hospital death include cardiac arrest,septicemia,acute myocardial infarction,acute renal failure,surgical complications after a pr
6、ocedure,and reoperation for bleeding.The population-attributable risk for in-hospital mortality was 47%for cardiac arrest and 27%for acute renal failure.,Langenbecks-Arch-Surg.2001 Jul;386(4):249-56,14,五、麻醉方法及术中处理,全身麻醉、硬膜外麻醉以及联合麻醉等各种麻醉技术及麻醉药物都已成功应用于开腹AAA修补术。其中的联合麻醉方式通常是指联合应用高腰段或下胸段硬膜外麻醉与浅全麻的复合麻醉方式。,
7、15,16,17,18,19,对于术前服用抗凝药物的病例处理,1、药物术前停用:阿司匹林37天,波立维(氯吡格雷)57天,华法林45天。2、评估出血风险:目标,术前INR1.5。3、Bridging的注意事项:Bridging需在华法林最后一次使用的48h开始;治疗剂量的低分子肝素(LMWH)应在术前24h停用;栓塞的高风险患者应在术后48h内启用治疗剂量的LMWH。,20,Procedures performed before anesthesia:Collection and storage of patient,s own blood in the weeks preceding sur
8、gery.Prescribe premedication.A warming blanket is necessary in the anesthetic room.Mornitoring.,21,Procedures performed before surgery starts:1.A suitable vein or veins are cannulated with at least one 14-gauge cannula for infusion of warmed fluids.2.Cannulation of a radial artery.3.Central venous c
9、atheterization for measure-ment of right atrial pressure.4.An oesophageal or tympanic membrane temperature probe is inserted for measure-ment of temperature.5.The bladder is catheterized for monitoring of urine output.,22,Key points during anesthesia and operation procedure.1.Tracheal intubation To
10、maintain systemic arterial pressure stable.(Dopamine or Noradrenalin)The double lumen tubes are necessary for somethoracic approach operations,23,24,25,2.Crossclamping of the aortaa sudden increase in systemic vascular resistance(afterload):cardiac work increase myocardial ischaemia the large bowel
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