职称英语电子版教材卫生A类精简版.doc

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1、2016年职称英语卫生A类精简版第二部分 阅读判断 第一篇Studies Show U.S. Spending Doesnt Get HealthThe United States may spend twice as much on health care as other rich countries but it is not getting results to match, according to studies released on Tuesday.But in the study of five wealthy coutries, published in the journ

2、al Health Affairs, researchers found no single nation had clearly the worst or best health care system.Gerard Anderson at Johns Hopkins Universitys school of public health and colleagues came up with a list of 21 health fields they could evenly compare across the five countries Australia, Canda, Bri

3、tain, New Zealand and the United States.“None of the five countries is consistently the best or the worst on all 21 indicators,” Anderson said during a telephone briefing for reporters.“If you are looking for the place to get the best care, there isnt a single place, Every country has at least one i

4、ndicator where it scores the best of the five countries and each country has at least one indicator where it scores the worst of the five countries.”But, he said, the United States is not getting value for money. “The United States should be particularly concerned about these results, given that we

5、spend twice as much on health care as any other country. So spending more doesnt necessarily result in better outcomes.”Andersons group of international health experts sponsored by The Commonwealth Fund spent five years working on the study, getting the latest possible data from the five countries o

6、n areas such as breast cancer and leukemia survival, suicide rates, death rates from asthma, vaccination rates and cancer screening.练习1. The U.S spends twice as much on health care as other rich countries. A. right 2. The U.S is the place where people get the best health care. B. wrong 3. Each year,

7、 the U.S. spends more money on health care than the previous one. C. Not mentioned 4. The more a country spends on health care, the better care its people enjoy. B. wrong 5. The study involved 5 countries and lasted 5 years. A. right 6. The other four countries provide better health care than the U.

8、S. B. wrong7. The U.S. is determined to do something about its health care system.C. Not mentioned译文：研究表明美国在医疗卫生方面的花销没有使它成为最好的根据星期二发布的研究结果，美国在卫生保健方面的花费是其他富裕国家的两倍，但并设有得到相应的结果。在医疗事件杂志上发表的对五个富有国家的研究中，研究者们发现没有哪个国家有明显的最坏或最好的医疗体系。约翰霍普金斯大学的公共卫生学院的Gerard Arderson及其同事制定出一个21个医疗领域的名单，他们将横向地比较五个国家澳大利亚、加拿大、英国、新

9、西兰和美国。安德森在对记者的电话简报中说：“在这所有的2l项指标里，这五个国家中没有一个始终保持是最好的或最坏的。”“如果你正在寻找一个能够得到最好的医疗的地方，没有这个地方。每个国家至少有一个指标是排在第一位的，也至少有一个指标排在最后。”但是，他说美国的钱花得不值。“鉴于我们比别的国家多花一倍的钱，美国应该尤其关心这些结果。花的钱多并不一定就会有好的结果。”由联邦基金资助的Anderson的国际卫生专家团花了五年的时间做这个研究，从五个国家得到如乳腺癌、白血病存活率、自杀率、哮喘死亡率、接种率和癌症检查等领域的尽可能新的数据。第二篇 Most Adults in U.S. Have Low

10、 Risk of Heart DiseaseMore than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.“I hope that these numbers will gi

11、ve physicians, researchers. health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population.” lead author Dr. Earl S. Ford. from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, said in a statement.The findings are based on analysis of dat

12、a from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994.Overall, 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent, 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent, and 3 pe

13、rcent had a risk above 20 percent.The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and me were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.Although the report suggests that most adults have a low

14、 10year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk, Dr. Daniel S. Berman, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, and Dr. Nathan D. Wong, from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.Aggressive treatment measures and public health str

15、ategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add.练习：1. The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most US adults. A. right 2. Only 3 percent of US adults have a more than 10 percent 10 year risk of heart disease. B. wrong 3. More than 100 thousand people participated in t

16、he survey. B. wrong 4. There was a greater proportion of men than women in the survey. C. Not mentioned 5. The distributions of the risk of heart disease are closely related to race. B. wrong 6. Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people. A. right 7. The US government wil

17、l take measures to reduce the overall population risk. C. Not mentioned译文:美国大部分成年人的心脏病的风险较低根据美国心脏病学学会杂志上的报告，80%以上的美国成年人在今后的十年内患心脏病的风险不到10%则会有3%的人患心脏病人风险超过了20%。来自疾病防控中心的第一作者*博士在一次陈述中说道：“我希望这些数字能够使外科医生、研究者、卫生政策分析家和其它人更好地了解冠心病在美国人口中的健在状况。”这些研究结果基于对13769个自20岁至79岁的实验对象那里得到的数据分析，他们参与了1988年到1994年的第三次全国卫生和营

18、养普查。总的来说，82%的成年人患心脏的风险低于10%，15%的人风险在10%-20%之间。3%的人风险高于20%。实验对象年龄越大，在最高风险组中所占比例也越大；男人进入该组的可能性也大于女人。对比这下，种族对心脏病风险的分布没有什么作用。来自洛杉矶的西达*医学中心的*博士和来自欧文的加利福尼亚大学的*博士在一个相关的社论中说道，尽管报告显示大多数成年人十年内患心脏病的风险较低，但是在有风险者是，很大一部分所面临的风险却是很高的或是刻不容缓的。他们补充说，需要积极的治疗措施和公共卫生政策来使整个人口患病的风险降低。第三篇 Smoking Since 1939, numerous studie

19、s have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life

20、 expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this filed to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed by most research workers in this filed to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs an

21、d cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from st

22、atistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposi

23、ts on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards. 练习：1. It is easy

24、 to determine whether smoking is hazardous. B. Wrong 2. Smoking reduces ones life expectancy. A. Right 3. Smoking may induce lung cancer. A. Right 4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer. C. Not mentioned 5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than fema

25、le smokers. B. Wrong 6. Nicotine is poisonous. A. Right 7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe. B. Wrong 译文：吸烟自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定吸烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的， 并且显示出吸烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸烟与人的 预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重荽原因，并且和人体其他某些 器官的癌症有关。吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽于不吸烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响

26、较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、 微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被玻入时，所有 这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这 一点。滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低危 害而不是消除危害。第四篇 Some Sleep Drugs Do More Than Make You SleepThe United States Food and Drug Administration1 has ordered co

27、mpanies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. It also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use the drugs.Last Wednesday, the FDA announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous

28、effects. These include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. They also include rare incidents of strange behavior. These include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep. The patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep.Last year, a member of the Un

29、ited States Congress2 said he had a. sleep-driving incident. Patrick Kennedy, a representative from Rhode Island3, crashed his car into a security barrier near the building where lawmakers meet. The accident happened in the middle of the night and no one was hurt. Mr. Kennedy said he had earlier tak

30、en a sleep medicine. He said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that could cause sleepiness.The Food and Drug Administration did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it had documented. However, the New York Times4 reported last year about people who said th

31、ey had strange sleep events after taking the drug Ambien. Some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. Others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. But they had no memory of carrying out the activities.A Food and Drug Administration

32、 official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare. But, he also says there are probably more cases than are reported.3 He says the agency believes the risk of. such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while t

33、aking the drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.练习：1. There are altogether 13 drugs treating sleep disorders in the United States. C Not mentioned2. FDA considers it the-producers duty to warn the users of sleeping pills ab

34、out the serious side effects and to tell them how to use safely. A Right 3. An allergic reaction to sleeping pills may sometimes cause a user to die. A Right 4. A stomach sickness drug alone caused Patrick Kennedy to crash his car into a security barrier. B Wrong 5. FDA based its order upon a wide i

35、nvestigation of sleep-driving. C Not mentioned 6. Sleep-walking is also one of the serious side effects induced by taking sleeping pills. A Right 7. The appearance of one or another side effect after taking some sleeping pill is unavoidable.B Wrong译文：催眠安眠药副作用不可轻视美国食品及药品管理局规定，商家必须在治疗睡眠障碍的13种药物上附上语气坚定

36、的新的警告语;同时规定安眠药生产厂家应向病人解释清楚如何安全服药。上周三，食品及药品管理局宣称，有些安眠药会产生意想不到的危险后果，包括威胁生命安全的过敏性反应，以及人们服药后的奇怪行为，例如有的人会在梦游时做饭、进食甚至开车。但是后来对自己睡着时的活动却全然不知。去年，美国国会官员，罗得岛会议员代表Patrick Kennedy说他就有驾车梦游的事，把车撞到类立法人员办公楼附近的安全栅栏上。幸亏事故发生在深夜，所以无人受伤。Kennedy说，那天晚上睡前他服用了安眠药，也服用了使人困倦的胃药。食品及药品管理局并没有说明类似的有记载的驾车梦游的事件有多少。然而，纽约时报去年报道类有关人们承认自

37、己服用Ambien安眠药后有奇怪梦游行为的事件，包括梦游与驾车梦游。也有人在早晨醒来后发现自己梦游时做过饭或吃过东西，但是却不能回忆起睡梦中的行为。食品及药品管理局的一位官员说，治疗睡眠障碍的药物产生类似的严重副作用是比较少见的。不过，他也说道，可能实际病例要比报道的多。他说，食品及药品管理局认为如果人们按照说明谨慎服药，并且服药时不喝酒，这样的危险行为就会减少。食品及药品管理局已经向药品生产厂家提出建议，希望他们能针对这一问题进行研究。第五篇 Dangers Await Babies with Altitude Women who live in the worlds highest com

38、munities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen leve

39、ls at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourishedmany people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. Th

40、e babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the would, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birth weight of babies in La Paz was sign

41、ificantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani. The results suggest that babie

42、s born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, “says Giussani. His also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably

43、 because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body. Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight i

44、s a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life. 练习:1.According to the passage, one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers

45、are underweight. B. Wrong 2. Giussanis team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University. C. Not mentioned3. Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into. A. Right 4. The weight

46、 of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mothers womb. A. Right 5. High-altitude babies have heads that are larger than their bodies. B. Wrong 6. High-altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average. C. Not mentioned7. Guissani has arrived at the con

47、clusion that babies in high-altitude regions are more likely to have heart trouble when they grow up. B. Wrong 译文：高海拔地区的婴儿有危险一项新的研究表明，住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。这些婴儿在长大成人后患心脏病和中风的风险很大。研究暗示，在山区出生的新生儿低于平均体重。但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔地区氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养许多住在高海拔地区的人相对比住在低海拔地区的人穷。为了了解更多情况，剑桥大学的Dina Giussani 和他的团队研

48、究了1997年至1998年玻利维亚的400个新生儿的记录。这些婴儿出生于两个城市的富有和贫困地区：拉巴斯和圣克鲁斯。拉巴斯是世界上海拔最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而圣克鲁斯低很多，海拔440米。当然，Giussani发现拉巴斯的新生儿的平均出生体重明显低于圣克鲁斯的新生儿，无论高收入家庭还是低收入家庭都是如此。甚至圣克鲁斯的贫穷家庭的婴儿比拉巴斯的富有家庭的婴儿平均体重还要重。Giussani说：“我们对这个结果感到吃惊。”这个结果表明在高海拔地区出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧。Giussani说：“这可能会触发调节胎儿成长的荷尔蒙的释放或抑制。”他的团队还发现高海拔地区出生的婴儿通常有相对身体来说

49、较大的头部。这可能是因为一个缺氧的胚胎会首先把充氧的血液输送到脑部，然后才送到身体的其他部位。Giussani想要查出这样的婴儿在今后的生活中是不是更容易患病。例如在拉巴斯出生的人在成年之后更可能患心脏病。出生时体重轻是患冠心病的一个危险因素。头部相对身体较大的新生儿在今后的生活中通常更容易患高血压和中风。第六篇 Privacy Worry May Keep HIV Patients from Therapy Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up tre