职称英语考试(理工)全部阅读理解答案解析及译文.doc

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1、2013年职称英语考试（理工）全部阅读理解答案解析及译文第1篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor companys abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts sayGeneral Motors。and Hondaceased production of batterypowered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electr

2、ic gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumerFord has now announced it will do the sameThree years agothe company introduced the Think City twoseater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think NeighborIt hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 cartsBut a lack of demand mea

3、ns only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002“The bottom line is we dont believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday“We feel we have given electric our best shot”The

4、 Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge timeGeneral MotorsEVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 milesThe very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternativesAn electric ToyotRAV4 EV vehicle

5、costs over$42，000 in the US, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol versionToyota and Nissanare now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chanceFord now has to move on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we

6、will be judging them on，”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth，told the Environment News ServiceHybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold wellHybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrolonly engines , and the batteries recharge the

7、mselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permitIn June，General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years Californian legislation

8、 requiring carmakers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other lowemission vehicles in the state by 2003Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission，rather than zeroemission，vehicles1What have the Ford motor companyGeneral Motors and Honda done concerning el

9、ectric cars?A)They have started to produce electric carsB)They have done extensive research on electric CarsC They have given up producing electric carsD)They have produced thousands of electric Cars2According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe，battery-powered carsA)will be the main transportation vehicle

10、s in the futureB) will not be the main transportation vehicles in the futureC)will be good to the environment in the futureD)will replace petrolpowered vehicles in the future3. Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles?A)Toyota and NissanB)General Motors and HondaC)Ford and Toyo

11、taD)Honda and Toyota4According to the eighth paragraph，hybrid carsA)offer fewer mileage than petrol driven carsB)run faster than petrol driven carsC)run more miles than petrol driven carsD)offer more batteries than petrol driven cars5Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers

12、 according to the last paragraph?A)Low-emission cars should be bannedB)Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorwaysC)The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric carsD)The legislation will allow more 10wemission to be produced答案与题解 :1. C 第一段第一个句子告诉我们福特汽车公司放弃了电动汽年，第二段

13、说通运汽年公司和本田汽车公司停止生产电动汽车。2. B 第四段第一个句子是 Tim Holmes对电动汽车未来的评价，他认为未来的交通运输的大众市场不可能是电动汽车。3. A 答案的依据是第六段昀后一句。4. C答案的依据是倒数第二段第二句。5. D 答案的依据是文意的昀后一句 : the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more lowemission. rather than zero-emission, vehicles。第一篇福特放弃电动汽车分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽年的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。通用汽车公司和日

14、本本田汽车公司早于 1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。3年前，福特推出名为 Think City的双排座汽车和 Think或 Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车，希望能销售 5000辆汽车、 10000高尔夫车。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年仅生产了大约 1000辆汽车，售出的高尔夫车还不足 1700辆。“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的 Tim Holmes于周五说，“我们感觉自己对电力车已做了昀好的尝试。”Think City系列的运行里程仅 53英里，电池

15、充电需 6小时。通用公司的 EVI电力车也仅能运行 100英里。昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。日本丰田产的 RAV4EV系列电动车在美国的售价达 42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售 17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。“应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。”Roger Higman，英国 Friends of the Earth组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对环保新闻评论说。日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，

16、电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。不过，这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。第2篇、 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve o

17、il, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a

18、 growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It ass

19、umes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak

20、 in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by tec

21、hnology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-produ

22、cing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new

23、 model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v 保护，保存crude oil原油spark v闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n曲线irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1ACS Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学

24、研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家MKing Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4that of peak oil：that指代concept。5account for：说明，解释6conventiona

25、l crude oil：常规原油7oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。练习：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2The term a bell shaped curve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat

26、 curveBkeep growingCkeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the USin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to exp

27、lain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirm

28、s further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scientistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案与题解：1B spark一词做及物动词使用时有发动、激发的意思，在此意为stimul

29、ated，即引发，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对石油峰值预测的兴趣。2D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。3D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A

30、、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。第二篇 世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会能量与燃料杂志上。伊布赫姆纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大

31、值后开始 下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认 为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学

32、家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这 47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。第3篇、Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leave

33、s, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to

34、 observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to b

35、e observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where

36、they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. Phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in natur

37、e.One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the projec

38、t - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.People dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood, says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. As we collect this data, well be able t

39、o make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.词汇：Frog n. 蛙 Ecologist n.生态学家 Phenology n.物候学 Bud v.发芽，萌芽；n.芽，花蕾Neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻；邻近地区 Database n.数据库Professional adj.专业的，职业的；n.职业选手，专业人员注释：1. life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。2. hyper-local b

40、eat: beat 在此做名词用，意思是：某类新闻报道，如，a business beat；商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-local beat 即hyper-local news，指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了hyper-local news website，专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。3. data 是复数形式，但常用做单数，所以这里的代词是i

41、t。另参见最后一段“As we collect this data, .”。这里的data 也用作单数。4. phenology：物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物的影响。5. communities：生态学词汇：生物群落，记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。练习：1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need themA) to provide their personal life cycles. B) to obse

42、rve the life cycle of plants.C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.B) To send their research observations to a

43、 professional database.C) To increase their knowledge about climate change.D) To keep a record of their research observations.3. In All thats needed to become one. (paragraph 2) , what does the word one stands for?A) a citizen journalist. B) a citizen scientist. C) a scientist. D) a citizen.4. What

44、is NOT true of Project BudBurst?A) Only experts can participate in it. B) Everybody can participate in it.C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D) It has its own website.5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A) To study when plants will have their first buds.B) To

45、find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across theUnited States.D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.答案与题解：1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与

46、。所以C 是正确选择。2. B第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe的主语是The citizen scientist movement，即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以D 不是正确选择。A 和C 不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家做进一步的观察。B 正确表达了这个意思。3. B one 在这里是一个代词，其前置词是citizen scientists ，而不是citizen journalists，这里的one 指的是one of

47、 citizen scientists。所以A、C 和D 都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。4. A 文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有人开放（open to everyone），所以应选择A。B，C，D 所述内容都在该段中提到。5. D C 表述的内容是Project Budburst 所要做的工作，但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D 才是正确答案。第三篇公民科学家理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生

48、态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面鸟儿、树木、花卉等等一一并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出儿分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们一一这一计划对所有人开放把他们的观察记录登录在花季追