职称英语考试 理工B 终极小抄.doc

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1、38.Why So Many Children In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia, the population is growing fast.为什么有这么多的孩子1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_.A. can be an advantage2. When countries become industrialized, _.B. the birth rate generally goes down3. According to thi

2、s passage, Italy today is an example of an _.C. industrialized country with a low birth rate4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _.B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _.D. has tried to improve the co

3、ndition of women 非洲和亚洲的很多发展中国家，人口，增长迅速。原因很简单：这些国家的女人生育率很高每个女人平均有三个到七个孩子。这些女人大部分都很穷，没有足够的食物和资源来照顾家庭。为什么她们要有这么多孩子呢？为什么她们不限制家庭的大小呢？答案是大多数时候她们没办法选择。这有很多原因。 其中之一是经济原因。传统的农业经济中，家庭成员数目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味着田里的劳动力多且有人给父母养老。在工业经济国家中情况就不同了。多数孩子不帮助家里，而是增加家庭开销。因此，工业化极大降低了生育率。这是意大利的一个例子，意大利最近几年工业化发展十分迅速。在20世纪前叶，意大利是个贫穷的

4、农业国家，有着很高的生育率。第二次世界大战之后，意大利的现代化和工业化十分迅速。世纪之末其生育率降到世界最低，平均每个女人1.3个孩子。 然而经济并不是唯一重要的影响出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯为例，那里并没有以农业为基础的经济，而且是人均收入最高的国家之一。然而还是有很高的生育率(7.0)。而像墨西哥和印度尼西亚，主要是农业经济的穷国，但他们的人口还在不断地下降。 很明显有其他的因素。最重要的就是妇女的状况。高的生育率往往与妇女缺乏教育与社会地位低下相关。这就能解释沙特阿拉伯的出生率为什么如此之高。传统的文化使妇女缺乏教育或者不能独立，并且在外生存的技能很少。相反，墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚的生

5、育率就低。他们的政府给妇女提供更多的教育和机会。 另一个重要的因素是计划生育。女人们也许想限制家庭的大小，但是她们没有办法。一些倡导计划生育的政府为她们提供有效而且不贵的方式，生育率下降。比如新加坡、斯里兰卡、印度和印度尼西亚、泰国、墨西哥、巴西。在这些国家妇女被提供健康和计划生育的帮助。这些趋势表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依赖于良好的经济状况。如果是致力于帮助妇女适应她们的需求那么就是有效的。事实上只有这样，才能有机会取得成功。37.Pop Music in Africa Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind

6、 of pop music. 非洲的流行音乐1. This passage is about how African pop music is_.B) more serious than most pop music2. For people outside of Africa, African pop music is _.D) both familiar and different3. The musicians mentioned in this passage all_.A) write about serious problems4. Eric Wainaina_.C) studie

7、d music in Boston5. Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_.A) she was had a difficult life herself 非洲国家的年轻音乐家们创造了一种流行音乐的新形式。音调与旋律不仅有传统的非洲因素也有当下十分流行的各种形式，比如嘻哈、说唱打击乐、摇滚、爵士或者是瑞格舞。这样就使这种音乐让世界各地的听者都觉得很熟悉，而它又是典型的非洲音乐。这种音乐在另一方面也有所不同：很多音乐有着严肃的主题，与当今非洲重要的社会问题和政治问题相关。 Eric Wainaina

8、是这些非洲音乐家的其中之一。他成长于肯尼亚内罗毕的一个音乐世家。少年时期他就听美国的流行音乐，之后就读于波士顿Berklee College学习音乐。现在他在肯尼亚发了一张CD。他最红的歌曲是“Land ofA Little Something，这首歌是有关肯尼亚行贿受贿问题的。他希望人们听他的歌曲然后思考如何让肯尼亚变成更好的居住地。 另一个写有关严肃主题音乐的音乐家是来自坦桑尼亚的Witness Mwaijaga。她的个人经历让她能够切身体会非洲妇女所受的苦难。她15岁的时候失去了家，但是比起和她一样无家可归的年轻人来说她很幸运。她可以靠写歌和在街头卖唱维持生计。在她18岁的时候，她成为一

9、个明星。她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋病和女性权利的缺失。 来自塞内加尔的Baaba Maal也认为流行音乐不仅仅是为了娱乐。他在塞内加尔说过，故事的讲述者往往是重要的人物。在过去，他们是人民历史的书写者。他认为写歌者也拥有同样的责任。他们必须写他们周围的世界，帮助人民明白如何使它变得更好。事实上，歌词的内容十分重要。他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。 南美最流行的音乐家之一是Brenda Fassie。她可以与美国流行巨星麦当娜媲美，因为她的舞台表现力震撼人心。但是她也喜欢让人深思。20世纪80年代她因为一首有关反对种族隔

10、离的单曲而一炮走红。现在种族隔离已经终止了，她的歌曲有关于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用传统的非洲语言与一种新的流行形式库威多来歌唱。 近些年，非洲以外的人们都开始听这些年轻音乐家的歌曲。通过音乐，年青一代的音乐家使非洲与世界其他的地方相连接，同时也影响着世界的其他地方。阅读34.To Have and Have Not It had been boring hanging about the hotel all aftemoon. 逃亡 1. Why did the writer want to leave the hotel?B) To have a change of scene.2.

11、 What attracted the writer to the shop?D) The light coming from inside.3. The writer found the stock in the front of the shop_.A) of top quality4. What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him?C) She seemed to know him well.5. The writer disliked the back room because_.C) he saw nothing he

12、really liked 在宾馆里闲待一个下午是很无聊的。巡回乐团道具管理组的成员在用美元玩儿游戏，把纸币折成纸飞机的形状然后看谁飞得最远。因为没有什么事情可以做，我加入了他们并且赢了五局，之后我找了个机会带着我赢的钱退出了游戏。尽管天色看起来不是很好，我还是决定出去走一走。 我向前走到了街道另一边的一个小店里。与其他的小店不同，它没有吸引眼球的名字和主要经营的项目，取而代之的是普通的霓虹灯，里面则是吸引人的强光。奇怪的是并没有什么影子映射在窗户上。我并没有因为这个而停住脚步，我走了进去。 我屏住呼吸，不知道看哪里也不知道从哪里开始看。一面墙上挂着三个手工缝制的美国壁毯，十分美丽，可能是新做的

13、。我穿过易拉罐和散落的小玩意儿还有古董家具，在我面前的一面墙上挂着一个崭新的1957年的Straocaster吉他。一张五十美元的卡插在琴弦上。我的手抚摸着放唱片的架子，读着标题。这里还有很多的 “我可以帮助你吗？”她吓了我一跳。我没有看见在柜台后面的女人。她看我的方式如此居高临下，这一时让我很紧张像是被一种磁场或是电场紧紧包裹住。很难避开那个眼神。但是尽管很不舒服，我还是觉得那种被直视的感觉很美妙，那种感觉对我来说不陌生，对她来说也不陌生。 除了愉悦以外她的神情还流露出慈爱和怜悯。我猜不出她的年龄。尽管她的眼神充满了友善，她使我想起了我的祖母。我能感觉到她是一个不喜欢与人争吵的人。最后我开口

14、说话，“我真的只是看看”，私下里却在好奇有多少东西能够塞进汽车。 她转身离开到后面的屋子，示意我应该跟随其后，但这并非是第一个房间，房间的灯光也让我感觉很特别，灯光来自天花板上的油灯，使一切都笼罩在巨大的阴影之下。这里没有罕见的电吉他，没有古老的项链，没有鲜花装饰的手绘盒子。很明显它是陈旧的用来存放垃圾和那些平淡无奇的旧文献的。 我发现了一些旧书，那些金字已经退去使题目很难辨认。“它们看起来很有趣。”我迟疑地说。“要想了解上面所写你必须有相似的经历。”她清楚地说。她察觉到我的脸上充满了疑惑可是却没有再说什么。 她伸出手拿了一本小书然后递给了我。“这是目前我能够给你的最好的书”，她笑着说道，“如

15、果你要用它”。我打开书发现全部是一片空白，但依然给了她向我要的几美元，当我察觉到美元依然是纸飞机的形状时不免有些尴尬。我把书放到包里，谢过她并离开了。42. sauna桑 拿 浴1. Ceremotrial bathing, .A) is called the sauna by FinnsB ) is equivalent to the steam bathC ) has various formsD) is held in an enclosed room2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?

16、 Saunas in underground caves. Saunas with smoke. Saunas using wood burning stoves. Saunas using electric stoves.3. According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT . reducing the chance of getting cold speeding recovery relieving stress curing asthma4. According to the four

17、th paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because . pores are cleaned by sweat water is lost by sweating blood moves to the surface for heat exchange the heart pumps harder and faster5. Who are advised not to take a sauna? Elderly people. 1 Pregnant women. People with heart trouble. All of t

18、he above.仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干的蒸汽浴这一形式。用热蒸汽干蒸的方式在古罗马很受欢迎，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用充满蒸汽的小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油

19、炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电炉。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑那浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿时，人体温度通常会上升12度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜热。”定期蒸桑拿可以预防感冒的发生。蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处。它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水

20、量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼，蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下，增加到100150下。健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该先征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。47.Narrow Escape We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains t

21、o our east was already livid with colour.1 It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice. 九死一生1. Why was it “too late” by the time they left the hut in the morning? C) Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous.2. The first reason given to expl

22、ain why mountaineers hate talus is_. A) that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you3. What is likely to be the meaning of Cailloux? B) Rocks are falling.4. What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in paragraph four? D) Being hit by a rock isnt pleasant at all.5. In what sense was Toby saf

23、e? A) The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks.那天早上我们离开露营的小屋已经很晚了。我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色 的。这意味着将会是很热的一天，温暖会使被冰紧裹的石头慢慢地松开。正当我们走在表面的时候，很明显它变成了一段很难走的路。主要的何题是斜坡J在山坡上 有很多的碎石。斜坡被登山者反感的原因有两个。首先，爬在上面的人很容易摔下去。其次，它使你走的每一步都很危险。我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们， 像一个打开的抽屉。我的手逐渐出汗变得冰冷。突然有一声

24、大喊“Cailloux! Cailloux!”我听到来 自上面的一个女人的呼喊。声音成回声向下传向我们。我抬起头寻找它来的方向。最开始只有两块石头，弹跳着移向我们，在半空中撞击。而此时上方的空气也好像随着掉 落的石头有了生命，巨大的噪声充斥在空气中。撞击声在石头表面，嗡嗡声游荡在空气中，之 后又有了撞击声。每次撞击声之间都有；段时间的空隙，石头越跳越远。我一直盯着石头，感 觉马上它就要到我这里来一样。在学校一个比我高几年级的男孩告诉过我，当石头掉下来时千 万不要抬头。“为什么”？ “因为石头砸在你的头盔上要远远好过砸在你的脸上。”他告诉我们。 低头，永远低头。 -我听见那天和我一起登山的同伴T

25、oby在喊我。我看了过去，他在一个延伸出的石头下面，已 经安全了。我不能理解他。然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住 我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。我再次抬起头。一块石头垂直地向我硒下来。本能地，我向后倾斜，拱起我的背保护我的 胸部。我的手指怎么办，我想，如果被砸上肯定会被砸扁，再也不能恢复。我听到了在我正前面 的一声巨响，有人使劲儿拉我的裤子。Toby大喊：“你还好吧，石头径直向你砸过来X。”石头在 我双腿间擦身而过，虽然没有碰到我，但是刮到了我的衣服。Toby和我用整晚的时间回味早上发生的一切：假如那块大石头没有从旁边滑过，如果我被

26、撞到，你会扶住我吗，我会把你也刮倒吗？对于一个有丰富登山经验的人来说这也许没有什么，但 我知道我永远不会忘记这件事。完形填空完型11.School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime. Children can choose to b

27、ring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables, as

28、 well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweigh

29、t students in Britain has increased in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their childrens diet can affect their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating

30、habits at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.12.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever doing anything else in their

31、 spare time. Naturally, parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers?Obviously; if children are bent over their computers

32、for hours, absorbed in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word that it wont interfere with homework. If the child is not holding to this arrang

33、ement, the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a childs use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other soft of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is seriously alarmed about a childs behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher. Spend

34、ing time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a childs performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just going through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!14.Family History In an age when

35、technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history. They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast

36、growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own familys past. It is quite another to carry out the research work success

37、fully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.待添加的隐藏文字内容2If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character , whether hero or criminal , do not let this idea take o

38、ver your research. Just treat it as an interesting possibility. A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your way. The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who knows what you might find?15.Helen and Mar

39、tin With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. Would her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him

40、 had gradually weakened until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sisters curiosity to see what had become of her brother.Almost without warning, Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the

41、 US office. Somehow the two of them hadnt bothered to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence in her own judgment growing. Ignoring the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was gai

42、ning a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on from her paintings.Of course, she took no pleasure in Martins sudden misfortune, but she couldnt help looking forward to her brothers arrival with quiet satisfaction at what she had achieved.