从格律的角度欣赏英诗课件.ppt

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1、Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of Versification,What is poetry?,A literary form,Written in lines,Rich imagery,Great artistic appeal,Beautiful harmony,Compressed content,Contents,.Meter.Foot.Rhythm.Sound patterns.Rhyme.Rhyme Scheme.Forms of poem.Appreciations,.meter（格）,1.concept:the regular p

2、attern of stressed and unstressed syllables.2.types:“”stands for unstressed syllable and“_”represents stressed syllable.“”is used to separate different feet.,1 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。,As fair/art thou/my bon/nie lass,So deep/in luve/am I:And I/will luve/thee still,/my dear,Ti

3、ll a/the seas/gang dry:Robert Burns(1759-1796):My Luve Is like a Red,Red Rose注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a=all gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：（）,2扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。,Tyger!/Tyger!/burning/bright In the/forests/of the/nightWilliam Blake:The Tyger上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：,3 抑抑扬格（

4、轻轻重格）Anapaest foot:每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。,Like a child/from the womb,Like a ghost/from the tomb,I arise/and unbuild/it again.三音步抑抑扬格,4 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot:每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。,Touch her not/scornfully,Think of her/mournfully.-Thomas Hood 两音步扬抑抑格,5 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重

5、读音节构成。,如：三音步抑扬抑格下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。O hush thee/my babie/thy sire was/a knight.注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。,Back,.Foot（音步）,1.Concept:a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable2.Types:Monometer:one foot;Pentameter:five feetDimeter:two feet;Hexameter:six feetTrimeter:thr

6、ee feet;Heptameter:seven feetTetrameter:four feet;Octameter:eight feet,Distinction between“foot”and“meter”,Foot is not to be confused with meter,though the names for feet end with“-meter”.Meter is based on syllables,indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged.Foot is applied with a

7、 single line,indicating how many meters are employed in that line.Note:Meter+foot=metrical rhythm/versification,Back,.Rhythm（节奏/韵律）,concept:The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurre

8、nce of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm.Twinkle,twinkle,little star,How I wonder what you are!,Back,.rhyme（押韵）,1.concept:the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds e.g.Home,Foam;chair,there2.types:,a)Internal rhyme:,I am the daughter of the Earth and Water

9、.(Shelley),We plough and sow-were so very,very low.(Ernest Jones),Ah,distinctly I remember it as in the bleak December.(Poe),.Rhyme Scheme（韵式）,1.Concept:The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza.2.types:1end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line.1）联韵：“aabb”型。I shot an arrow into the air,a It fell

10、 to earth,I knew not where aFor,softly it flew,the sight b Could not follow it in its flight.bHenry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song,2）交叉韵：abab型。,Sunset and evening star,a And one clear call for me!b And may there be no moaning of the bar,aWhen I put out to sea,bAlfred Tennyson(1809-1892)

11、:Crossing the Bar,3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。,如下例就共用i:p为韵脚The woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost(1874-1963):Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,2.头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。,下例中运用f

12、、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew,the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S.Coleridge:Rime of the Ancient Mariner,3内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。,下面一节诗中i及i重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring,the sweet spring,is the years pleasant king;Then blooms e

13、ach thing,then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath not sting,the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe(1567-1601):Spring,the Sweet Spring,Back,.Forms of poem（诗体）,Form is the design of a poem,the particular pattern it takes when it is written on paper.In each poem,we usually

14、 find a number of similar units.Each unit may have three lines,four lines or more.This recurring unit of a poem is called stanza.（诗节）,Dante:Divine Comedy神曲,Milton:Paradise Lost 失乐园,Homer:Iliad伊利亚特;Odyssey奥德赛,3)Dramatic Poems（戏剧诗）,2)Narrative Poems（叙事诗）,1)Lyrical Poems（抒情诗）,1.Kinds of Poetry,In terms

15、 of content:,Songs（韵文)odes（颂诗）ballads（民谣）,Epics(史诗)(heroic poems)ballads（民谣）,lyre(里拉),usu.in dialogue;in blank verse,1.Kinds of Poetry,In terms of meter:,1)Metrical Poems（格律诗）,Regular Rhyme;Regular Rhythm;Definite Number of Lines,2)Free Verse（自由诗）,Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm;Irregular Number of Lines

16、,3)Blank Verse（无韵诗）,Without Rhyme;With Rhythm,2.Forms of Poetry,1）.Blank verse（无韵诗体）Blank verse:unrhymed iambic pentameter,a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables.（由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步）Examples:Shakespeares plays,Miltons Paradise Lost and Wordsworths Prelude are written

17、 in blank verse.The following is from Shakespeares As You Like It:All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players:They have their exits and their entrances.,2）.Couplet（对偶句）,Couplet:a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.Popular in the eight

18、eenth century,a couplet may be long or short,but usually contain a complete thought in itself,the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.(包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位。)Examples:Geoffrey Chaucer and John Dryden among others have written in couplets.The f

19、ollowing is from Drydens Mac Flecknoe.All human things are subject to decayAnd when fate summons,monarchs must obey.,3）.Tercet（同韵三行诗节）,Tercet:a three-line stanza,also called terza rima,which,if rhymed,keeps to one rhyme sound.（由三行诗文组成的一个诗节，通常压同韵或与另一三行诗节压韵）Example:Dantes Divine Comedy and Shelleys Od

20、e tothe West Wind used this stanza.The following is from Shelley.O wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumns being,Thou,from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven,like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,4）.Quatrain(四行诗),Quatrain:a four-line stanza in many line lengths and sometimes in lines of v

21、arying length,rhymed usually in lines two and four.（四行一节的诗）Example:This stanza is used very often in English poetry,most notably in ballads,and in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard and Tennysons In Memoriam.Here is an example from Tennysons Break,Break,Break.Break,break,break,On thy

22、 cold gray stones,O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me.,5）.Sonnet(十四行诗),Sonnet:a fourteen-line stanza of iambic pentameter.Coming originally from Italy and used often to write love poems,the English sonnet has different rhyme schemes.The Italian sonnet,or Petrar

23、chan sonnet（(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的)彼特拉克体十四行诗）,consists of an octave(8-line stanza)and sestet(6-line stanza),rhymed abba abba cdecde.The English sonnet,initiated by Edmund Spenser called Spenserian Stanza,rhymed abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee Shakespearean sonnet,consists of three quatrains and a couplet,rhymed abab cdcd

24、efef gg.Most English poets have written sonnets and some have written a series of sonnets on certain subjects.The most famous sonnet sequences are Spensers Amoretti,Shakespeares Sonnets and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Sonnets from the Portuguese.,6）.Epigram(讽刺短诗;警句;隽语诗,),Epigram:a short poem ending

25、in a witty turn of thought.Brief and rhymed,epigram is usually satiric,mercilessly playful and sometimes malicious.Example:The following is from J.V.Cunningham(1911-1985):This Humanist whom no beliefs constrainedGrew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained,7）.Limerick:(五行打油诗),Limerick:five anapestic

26、lines usually rhymed aabba.Made popular by Edward Lear(1812-1888),author of nonsense poems,limerick is humorous and playful.（一种通俗幽默短诗，有五行组成，韵式为aabba）Example:The following is from an anonymous author and about Einsteins theory of relativity.There was a young lady named BrightWho traveled much faster

27、than light.She started one day In the relative wayAnd returned on the previous night.,Back,.Appreciate the following sonnet,That Time of Year By ShakespeareThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves,or none,or few,do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruined cho

28、irs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self,that seals up all in rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whe

29、reon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest,which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.,Notes:,mayst:may behold:seelate:no long ago thou:you seest:see fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬 thy:your perceivest:

30、perceive ere long:before long,Hints,Write your criticism according to the following guides.1.forms2.foot+meter3.rhyme4.Chinese translation5.imagery,Sonnets appreciation,1.Italian Sonnet2.Spenserian Sonnet3.Shakespearian Sonnet,1)Italian Sonnet,Francesco Petrach,The poetry of earth is never dead:aWhe

31、n all the birds are faint with the hot sun,bAnd hide in cooling trees,a voice will run bFrom hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;aThat is the Grasshoppers-he takes the lead aIn summer luxury,-he has never done bWith his delights;for when tired out with fun bHe rests at ease beneath some pleasant

32、weed.a,The poety of earth is ceasing never:cOn a lone winter evening,when the frost dHas wrought a silence,from the stove there shrills e The Crickets song,in warmth increasing ever,cAnd seems to one in drowsiness half lost,dThe Grasshoppers among some grassy hills.e,an octave+a sestet,2)Spenserian

33、Sonnet,Edmund Spenser,For loe my love doth in her selfe containe bAll this worlds riches that may farre be found.cIf saphyres,loe her eyes be saphyres plaine:bIf rubies,loe her lips be rubies sound;c,3 quatrains+a couplet,If pearls,her teeth be pearls both pure and round;cIf yvorie,her forehead yvor

34、y weene;dIf gold,her locks are finest gold on ground;c If silver,her fair hands are silver sheene.d,But that which fairest is,but few behold:eHer mind,adorned with vertues manifold.e,Ye tradefull merchants,that with weary toyle aDo seeke nost pretious things to make your gain,bAnd both the Indians o

35、f their treasures spoile,aFor loe my love doth in her selfe containe b,3)Shakespearian Sonnet,Shakespeare,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd;dAnd every fair from fair sometime declines,cBy chance,or natures changing course,untrimmd.d,3 quatrains+a coupl

36、et,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst,fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,e When in eternal lines to time thou growst.f,So long as man can breathe or eyes can see,gSo long lives this,and this gives life to thee.g,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?aThou art more lovely and more temperate.bRough winds do shake the darling buds of may,aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date.b,Iambic Pentametre(5-foot Iambus),（五 步 抑 扬 格）,The End,