英语专业毕业论文范文.doc

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1、毕业设计（论文）题目： 中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究A Constructive Study of Politeness in ChineseAnd English Culture学生姓名： 蔡美玲学 号： 0807060128专业班级： B08英语（国际商务）1班指导教师： 唐红梅学 院： 外国语学院 2012年4 月中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究摘要语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越

2、重要。在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语， 避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比ACONSTRUCTIVESTUDYOFPOLITENESS IN CHINESE ANDE

3、NGLISH CULTUREABSTRACTLanguage Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the peoples social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony, and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering th

4、e WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-c

5、ultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper exp

6、ounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to

7、 the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students comprehensiv

8、e quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication. Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture; Contents1. Introduction.12. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English.1 2.1 Politeness Principles of English.1 2.1.1 Brown and Levinsons “face” theory.1 2.1.2 Grice

9、Cooperative Principle.2 2.1.3 Leechs Politeness Principle.2 2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese.33. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness5 3.1 Terms of Address.5 3.2 Humility Language and Formal Language. 5 3.3 Terms of Privacy .6 3.4 Terms of Greeting.6 3.5 Terms of Thanks.7 3.6 Term

10、s of Goodbye.8 3.7 Terms of Invitation.8 3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture. 8 3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on Table.83.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on Table.94. Reasons for the different & countermeasures9 4.1 Reasons for the Difference.94.1.1 Confucianism and Christian

11、ity.104.1.2 Philosophy Differences.104.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and Value.104.2 Countermeasures.11 4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching.11 4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication.115. Conclusion.13References.14Acknowledgements.151. Introduction“As a universal phenomenon, politeness i

12、s observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”1Both English and Chinese language has much different restrict

13、ion in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness princip

14、les in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these

15、 differences scientifically.2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English Politeness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles i

16、n order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness2.1 Politeness Principles of English2.1.1 Brown and Levinsons “face” theoryPoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another persons face. 2Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United S

17、tates Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior Theory” from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face Theory” which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Poli

18、teness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the first time to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face is ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interac

19、tion, people hope each other can maintain each others face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications. Brown and Levinson di

20、vided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politeness is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. 3 2.1.2 Grice Cooperative PrincipleGrice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in peoples conversation. He thought that, “in all the communica

21、tion, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle:(1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, ju

22、st the right amount(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. 4But some people do not comply with this social principle;

23、 even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle cant completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another

24、 principles Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness

25、principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict peoples conversation behaviors. 2.1.3 Leechs Politeness PrincipleEnglish scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness prin

26、ciple on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational peoples conversation as well. It is closely connected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indire

27、ct speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leechs Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). Maxim of appr

28、obation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other.(6). Maxim of sympathy: minimize antipathy between

29、 self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other. 5 This is the main content of Leechs politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two di

30、fferent aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring

31、to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in

32、 bad mood. 2.2 Politeness Principles of ChineseLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。无礼则危。故曰：礼者不可不学也” 6 “鹦鹉能言，不离飞鸟；猩猩能言，不离禽兽。今人而无礼，不亦禽兽之心乎. 夫惟禽兽无礼.” 6. There is the stander that “夫礼者自卑而尊人” in the early work 6 Rece

33、ntly, the study of politeness principle had made great improvement in China. Professor Hu Wenzhong and professor He Ziran make an important discussion in intercultural communication politeness principle. Then Gu Yueguo pointed out four politeness traits in communication according to the culture back

34、ground of Chinas history and daily communication of chinese people. That is respectfulness, modesty, attitude warmth and refindment. At the same time, Gu Yueguo put forward five politeness principles on the basis of Leechs.(1) The self-denigration maxim. Gu thought that the most trait of Chinese pol

35、iteness is “Fu Li Zhe, Zi Bei Er Zun Ren”。The maxim points out that we must “Bian” and “Qian” when we do something for ourselves. On the other hand, we should “Tai” and “Zun” when something is related to the listener.(2) The address maxim. This maxim points out the traditions that “Hhang Xia You Yi,

36、 Gui Jian You Feng, Zhang Yao You Xu” which embodies the social relations in the interpersonal communication when people address each other.(3) The tact maxim. In the Chinese culture, “Bin Bin You Li” is considered the politeness and cultivated. The basic content is “genteelism chose, bawdry forbidd

37、en, multi-purpose tactful, less with the truth, avoiding mention the unpleasant or embarrassing things.(4) The agreement maxim. This criterion refers to caring each others identity and status in society, respecting each others “face” which makes each other harmony in many aspects. When we must criti

38、cize others or publish the different opinion, we can take the strategy that “Xian Li Hou Bin, Xian Bao Hou Bian”(5)The generosity maxim, Minimize cost to others, maximizes benefit to other in the behavior of motivation. Maximize the benefit that you gain from others, minimizing the cost you pay in t

39、he words. 7From the above, there are many similar Politeness Principle and different emphases between Chinese and English. The different emphasis reflects precisely the different culture background. The Chinese culture attaches importance to “the self-denigration maxim” and “the address maxim”, for

40、the “self-denigration maxim” plays an important role in the Chinese culture. The address maxim also reflects the politeness habit in Chinese culture. In other words, the address maxim is the typical characteristics of Chinese culture. In the Chinese culture, the address maxim is the important charac

41、teristics while in English culture it is not enough to become the politeness principle during to the “tact maxim”. In English culture, the “tact maxim” is the common principle when people take the indicative Verbal Behavior, such as “instruct, commands, warning, suggest, advice”.3. A Comparison betw

42、een Chinese and English PolitenessBrown and Levinson thought different culture have the different politeness principles.8 In their view, “the face is something that is emotionally invested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction” 8This differ

43、ent is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronically. Chinese and English choose the different strategy which embodies their different National culture feature to express the different politeness principle. So people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultu

44、ral communication.3.1 Terms of AddressIn the modern Chinese, people pay great attention to the others status or career. This is the symbol of Vertical social relations, which shows a power orientation. While in English country, people are affected by the social relation and personal standard. So the

45、y show equal cultural orientation in the terms of address. 9 For example, in the Chinese culture, the subordinate cant call the name of the supervisor, students may not call a teachers name directly, and the children do not call the parents name, which is showing the politeness and upbringing. While

46、 in English culture, the address shows equal cultural orientation which makes each other closer. In the English country, generally speaking, no matter how old the others are and how high the others social status and level is, people would like to call their name. This is the symbol of equal social relation. Another difference is about the form of addressing. Chinese