基于“语言的性别差异研究”的硕士学位论文英文摘要的对比分析英语毕业论文.doc

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1、基于“语言的性别差异研究”的硕士学位论文英文摘要的对比分析摘要：介绍了论文英文摘要的内容、撰写的原则及方法，分析了六篇与“语言的性别差异研究”内容相关的外国语言学与应用语言学科硕士学位论文的英文摘要，指出了在撰写英文摘要中存在的问题，旨在帮助在校硕士生增强对英文摘要的认识。关键词：学位论文；英文摘要；实例分析 Comparison and Analysis on Abstract of Masters Dissertation Based on Gender DifferencesAbstract: It introduces the concept , the principles and

2、methods of English abstract, points out the problems about writing English abstract, which based on the comparison and analysis of six pieces of masters dissertation on gender difference, helps learners deepen the understanding and improve the quality of the English abstract.Key words: Masters disse

3、rtation, English abstract, case analysis引言英文摘要作为成为我国科技论文中不可或缺的重要组成部分，它在我国对外科技交流中在发挥越来越重要的作用。但大多数作者在撰写英文摘要时，都是先写好中文摘要再将其翻译成英文，由于英汉两种语言存在差异，作者的双语能力也参差不齐，故在语码转化过程中必然对其内容产生影响。基于此，在借鉴他人研究成果的基础上，分析和探讨了六篇硕士学位论文的英文摘要，指出了其中存在的问题和不足，并提出了探索性建议。 1 英文摘要的内容英文摘要，其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 771387规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附

4、有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。1.1英文题名1) 题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。2) 题名的字数。题名不应过长总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。3) 中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。4) 题名中的冠词。在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，

5、近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。5) 题名中的大小写。题名字母的大小写有3种格式:全部字母大写；每个词的首字母大写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。6) 题名中的缩略词语。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。1.2 作者与作者单位的英译1) 作者。中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。2) 单位。单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。1.3 英文摘要1) 英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行

6、时态和其他复合时态基本不用。2) 英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe，To study，To investigate， To assess，To determine4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误。冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。数词。避免用阿拉

7、伯数字作首词.单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。2 英文摘要撰写的基本原则2.1 英文摘要的完整性在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使论述言之有物、有根有据，使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。2.2 英文摘要的准确性英文摘要作为全文的概述行部分，必须准确，不能包含冗余的词或不相关的信息。2.3 英文摘要的清晰性主要体现在可读性、好的组织安排，以及最少的洋泾浜语。2.4 英

8、文摘要的连贯性英文摘要的内容需要完整流畅地体现论文的结构及研究思路。3 英文摘要撰写的方法信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)

9、2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)根据EI对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。 目的，主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题

10、非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，EI提出了两点具体要求： 1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息) 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。 过程及方法，主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，

11、过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。4摘要编写中应注意的问题及实例分析4.1 英文摘要的语态例1 题名

12、为性别差异在语言中的反应的英文摘要如下：One major issue in the sociolinguistics of speech is the relationship between language and gender, which started to be researched on in the early 1970s in the United States, when women began to examine and critique societal practices that supported gender discrimination in consci

13、ousness-raising groups influenced by feminist movement initiated in the 19th century. Specifically, two domains of language behaviors were investigated: speech behaviors of men and women on the phonological level, and the interaction behavior (conversational styles) between women and men in discours

14、e.The research studies on language and gender in China started at the beginning of the 1980s and developed quickly soon after the introduction of western studies in this field. A great deal of papers, articles and reports concerning language and gender both in English and Chinese were published in t

15、he past two decades, mainly focusing on the static studies: lexical differences, semantic differences, phonological differences, syntactic and stylistic differences.This paper is also based on such a framework, for the purpose of presenting a framework of thinking about the gender differences reflec

16、ted in language use through the systematic static description of the lexical, syntactical, phonological and stylistic differences with references to the markedness theory as well as the interactional gender differences occurring in actual verbal communication, aiming to find some new perspectives in

17、 the observation and the explanation of those differences.Viewed from the structure pattern of this thesis, chapter one is a static description of the differences of speech behaviors of men and women on the lexical, syntactical, phonological, and stylistic level; chapter two demonstrates in details

18、the gender differences reflected in verbal communication; chapter three explores the mechanism that may result in the actual differences in language usage between men and women.This paper also provides some vivid data and examples, working as supplementary materials, from existing literature. Sociol

19、inguists who took great interests in the issue of language and gender always try to give some reasonable and convincing evidence and explanations as to how gender and language are related and what caused such differences. Some explanations are also offered here by the author in Chapter three, in the

20、 hope that those immature ideas can invoke more attentions still to be paid to this issue.At the end of the paper, EFL teaching is mentioned as a trivial example of the realistic application of L&G studies.例2 题名为语言使用中的性别差异小说会话中性别差异的语用分析的英文摘要如下：As a social variant of language, gender language has att

21、racted increasing attention from a great many linguists at home and abroad. The differences between male and female language have already been studied in almost all languages at all linguistic levels. However, the application of pragmatic theories to the study of gender differences as reflected in t

22、he conversations in a novel is a new vision and an efficient way as well.Based on the theories of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, the current thesis makes a pragmatic analysis of the cross-gender conversations in Yllette, a novel by the famous English woman writer-Charlotte Bronte. It intends to de

23、monstrate how females and males differ in observing or violating such pragmatic principles or theory: Grices Cooperative Principle (CP), Leechs Politeness Principle (PP) and Brown and Levinsons Face Saving Theory (FST) in the conversations. The main reasons that may result in gender differences in l

24、anguage use and the particular reasons that possibly led to the striking gender differences in the conversations in Villette are discussed. The main purpose of the author is to help people get a better understanding about gender differences in language use, promote a harmonious dialogue between men

25、and women in current society.Through detailed analysis of some cross-gender conversational fragments selected from Charlotte Brontes classic novel Villette, it is found that women can observe both Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle well in communication and work hard to keep conversation

26、 going by speaking sincerely, relevantly and clearly while providing sufficient information, or using questions, requests and indirect expressions, etc.; sometimes their violation of the Manner maxim of CP is out of needs and feeling dependence, etc. In contrast, men tend to be less cooperative and

27、impolite. To achieve a certain purpose, they frequently violate the CP and PP by speaking too long, too little or giving false or irrelevant information, or using imperatives, interruptions, swears or taboos, etc. often result in impossibility of smooth conversation, even termination of the communic

28、ation. The analysis also us how men do face threatening acts bald on record and how women try hard to adopt face-saving strategies such as positive politeness, politeness, or the FTAs off record to avoid or minimize somebodys face threat in the cross-gender conversations in Villette.Gender differenc

29、es in language use are mainly caused by different labor of division, different subcultures and different psychological factors etc. Yet, the extreme polarization of roles based on gender in Victorian society and Charlotte Brontes living circumstances as well as her unwonted personality may construct

30、 the particular reason why there exist so polarized gender differences in the cross-gender conversations in Villette. The investigation of the historical and social roots reveals Charlotte Brontes unique feminist view and her rebellious spirit that she intended to criticize the social reality throug

31、h Villette, this very autobiographical work, hence fought for womens recognition and approval in a male dominant society with no female floor. This is the very reason why she was regarded as one of the forerunners who did battle for the equality of the sexes later. In order to serve better for the f

32、urther studies of gender-language and appreciation of literary works from the perspective of pragmatics, the limitations of the present study are pointed out at the end of the thesis, some suggestions are simultaneously provided.通过比较二者的语态，不难看出，例1多用主动语态，而例2多用被动语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。具体说来，以前强调多

33、用被动语态，理由是论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。4.2 英文摘要的时态例3 题名为大学生短信语言的性别差异的英文摘要如下：Gender language has been a hot issue being studied in the sociolinguistic field. Many scholars in western countrie

34、s and China have concluded that males and females differentiate from each other in communicative style through daily observation and language material analysis. Short messaging service (SMS) has popularized in China since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. As a special genre, SMS has attract

35、ed many scholars to study its stylistic features, but few of them have ever touched upon the gender language research into SMS.Based on the framework of gender language differences of previous researches, this thesis investigates gender language differences in SMS among college students. The author

36、tries to demonstrate gender differences of SMS language from aspects of the amount of speech, minimal responses, final particles, laughs, emoticons and swearing, etc. It has been found that male students and female students differentiate from each other to a large extent in single-sex SMS communicat

37、ion. In cross sex messages, female students use more minimal responses and swearing while male students tend to use the same communicative styles with female students in the other aspects.例4 题为话语风格的性别差异以汉英两种语言为例的英文摘要如下：Sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language in soc

38、ial context. A major issue in the discipline is the relationship between language and gender. The study of linguistic gender differences now is a focus of sociolinguistics. Current study on conversational interaction between men and women mainly focuses on speakers conversational patterns, communica

39、tive tactics and choices of language forms.This thesis aims at giving a comparatively systematic description of gender differences in conversational style in English and Chinese.Chapter One makes a link between sociolinguistics and gender language differences, differentiates between gender and sex,

40、and reviews previous research and theories into gender language both at home and abroad.待添加的隐藏文字内容3Chapter Two explores the relationships between culture, gender and conversational style and establishes a criterion for contrastive study-sex-preferential differentiation rather than sex-exclusive diff

41、erentiation is covered in this thesis.Chapter Three elaborates on gender differences in conversational style between English and Chinese from three aspects: what men and women talk about, who speak more, and how men and women talk. In discussion about how men and women talk, the thesis develops from

42、 two perspectives: men and womens demonstration of cooperation and politeness in conversation. Interms of cooperation, men and womens demonstration of turn-taking (including overlaps, interruptions and silence), relevance of utterance, and minimal responses are included. In terms of politeness, gend

43、er differences in swearing expression, slang and taboo words, and compliment, and euphemism are involved. The last part of this chapter explores reasons for gender language differences.Chapter Four addresses pragmatic failures caused by gender differences in conversational style and provide some sug

44、gestions on how to improve cross-gender communication.Chapter Five serves as a summary and conclusion of issues presented in this thesis. This thesis attempts to give a comparatively systematic description of gender differences in conversational style in English and Chinese and contribute to cross-g

45、ender and cross-cultural communication. However, much more efforts are needed to further explore issues addressed in this thesis, as the study of gender language differences affected by many variables is always a very complicated discipline.例3多用现在完成时。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经

46、完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。采用这种时态能更好地说明研究对现在的影响及意义。例4多用一般现在时。一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等，涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。而采用一般现在时，能给人以生动翔实的感觉。两种时态无对错之分，完全可根据研究需要自主选择。4.3 英文摘要的人称例5 题名为汉语言语交际中的性别差异研究的英文摘要如下：Gender, as an important issue in sociolinguistics and an important part of interper

47、sonal communication, has received growing attention in recent years. Over the last few decades, many researchers in the West have done much research to study the gender differences in language and they all agree that there could be something different in communicational styles between different gend

48、ers. Yet Chinese researchers have done a little in this field. Whats more, with time going on, there might be some changes in gender differences in communication.The present thesis is an empirical study to examine gender related differences in dynamic communication based on educational levels in Chi

49、nese context. The author collects data from Chinese daily conversations in the field of education, and divides them into three groups based on educational levels. Then, by comparing and analyzing the three groups of data on four subjects of communicational styles: topic, interruption, overlapping and question-asking, the author finds out that it