644522886毕业设计(论文)哺乳动物附肢骨骼的生物学特性.doc
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1、目 录中文摘要 3英文摘要 5绪论 81 双峰驼、牦牛、黄牛、犏牛及水牛的种群特征 82骨骼的研究方法.123 双峰驼、牦牛、黄牛、犏牛及水牛的掌骨、指骨及籽骨研究进展143.1 双峰驼的研究进展143.2 黄牛的研究进展153.3 牦牛的研究进展15 3.4 犏牛的研究进展163.5水牛的研究进展 164 立题的依据和研究的意义164.1立题的依据 164.2 研究的意义17第一部分 成年双峰驼前肢掌骨、指骨和籽骨的形态测量和局部解剖181前言 182 材料和方法183 结果183.1 掌骨、指骨和籽骨的局部解剖.183.2 掌骨、指骨和籽骨的形态测量 .194 讨论.21第二部分 牦牛、黄
2、牛、犏牛及水牛掌骨的比较形态测量 .231前言 232 材料和方法.233 结果与讨论.23第三部分 牦牛、黄牛、犏牛及水牛指骨和籽骨相对密度的比较 .271 前言 .272 材料和方法 .273 结果 .273.1牦牛、黄牛、犏牛和水牛指骨和籽骨的相对密度 .283.2 每种动物中的指骨和籽骨的相对密度283.2.1牦牛 293.2.2 黄牛.293.2.3 犏牛.293.2.4水牛 .294 讨论.30文献综述32哺乳动物附肢骨骼的生物学特性321 哺乳动物附肢骨骼的进化322 哺乳动物附肢骨骼的发育363 哺乳动物附肢骨骼的分类374 哺乳动物附肢骨骼的结构及组成成分385 哺乳动物附肢
3、骨骼的表面形态396 哺乳动物附肢骨骼的生物学作用407 哺乳动物附肢骨骼与环境之间的相互作用41参考文献43图表及说明54中文摘要用X光摄影、CT、大体解剖学及形态测量方法,对成年双峰驼(七峰)的掌骨和指骨进行了研究。结果发现,第、掌骨发育完全,并在胎儿期愈合成大掌骨。大掌骨呈细长的杆状,其长宽指数为11.66%,长厚指数为9.91%。第、指发育完全,每指有三个指节骨和两个近籽骨。在指骨下面,有一个非常发达的指枕,由三个脂肪垫(中心、近轴侧和远轴侧)和一个弹性纤维垫组成。在X光片上,掌指关节的间隙约为0.6-0.8cm,近指节间关节的间隙约为0.4-0.6cm。第指骨的相对密度比第指骨的大,
4、其重量和体积比第指骨小。轴侧近籽骨的相对密度比远轴侧近籽骨小,其体积和重量比远轴侧近籽骨的大。近节指骨和中节指骨的远端部分近似扁圆。第、指的近节指骨体积之间、中节指骨体积之间均有极显著差异(P0.01)。第、指近节指骨远端的掌远轴侧关节面的最大高度之间有显著差异(P0.05);第、指近节指骨、远节指骨的近端关节面面积之间均有显著差异。 对成年雌性牦牛、黄牛、犏牛和水牛(每种三头)掌骨进行研究的结果表明:左、右侧相应的测量参数无显著差异(P0.05)。黄牛大掌骨底的平均最大横宽最大(6.90cm),牦牛最小(5.23cm),水牛(6.34cm)和犏牛(5.87cm)介于二者之间。水牛大掌骨头平均
5、最大横宽最宽(7.09cm),牦牛的最小(5.36cm),黄牛(6.63cm)和犏牛(6.24cm)介于二者之间。水牛的长宽指数最大(21.26 %),牦牛次之(20.88 %),犏牛第三(20.14 %),黄牛最小(17.44 %)。牦牛的长厚指数最大(14.49 %),黄牛的最小(12.56 %)。黄牛大掌骨的平均最大长度最大(21.33cm),牦牛的最小(14.08cm)。第掌骨近端关节面面积比第掌骨近端关节面面积大,第、掌骨近端关节面面积由大到小的次序为:黄牛牦牛犏牛水牛。第、掌骨远端关节面面积的大小情况与近端的模式相同。犏牛大掌骨的平均相对密度最大(1.82),牦牛的最小(1.44)
6、,黄牛(1.70)和水牛(1.49)介于二者之间。牦牛第掌骨的平均长度为1.50cm;犏牛第掌骨大部分与大掌骨融合;黄牛绝大多数已完全与大掌骨融合,只有个别仅存微小的第掌骨;水牛则完全消失。 对成年雌性牦牛、黄牛、犏牛和水牛(每种三头)的指骨和籽骨相对密度进行研究,结果表明:左、右侧之间,第、指之间,第、指之间,相应的测量参数均无显著差异(P0.05)。牦牛的各节指骨和籽骨的相对密度均最小:近节指骨(1.20),中节指骨(1.20),远节指骨(1.27),轴侧近籽骨(1.22),远轴侧近籽骨(1.31),远籽骨(1.02);犏牛近节指骨的相对密度最大(1.34),水牛的中节指骨的相对密度最大(
7、1.41),黄牛的远节指骨的相对密度最大(1.51),犏牛的轴侧近籽骨的密度最大(1.34),黄牛的远轴侧近籽骨和远籽骨密度最大(1.43、1.24)。犏牛的第、指指骨密度最大(1.92、1.32),黄牛的最小(1.03、0.95)。在每一种内,对牦牛、黄牛、犏牛来说,第、指骨的密度由高到低的顺序为:远节指骨中节指骨近节指骨;但对水牛来说,这个次序却是:中节指骨近节指骨、远节指骨。在这四种牛中,籽骨的相对密度由高到低的次序是:远轴侧近籽骨轴侧近籽骨远籽骨;第、指的近节指骨密度比远节指骨大。 上述结果说明:这五种动物的掌骨、指骨和籽骨的独特结构能够与前肢脚部的其它结构很好地配置,支持巨大的身体,
8、并能很好的与其生活环境相适应。关键词:双峰驼;牦牛;黄牛;犏牛;水牛;掌骨;指骨;籽骨;解剖学AbstractFourteen specimens of the metacarpus and digits of the forelimb of the adult Bactrian camel were examined by means of radiograph,computerized tomography(CT),gross anatomy and morphometry. The large metacarpal are fused by the metacarpal and . It
9、s index of width/length and thickness/length shape index was 11.66% and 9.9%,respectively,which was approximately slender and long shaft. Two digits,the third and fourth,were fully developed. Each digit had three phalanges and two proximal sesamoid bones. Under the phalanges of the forefoot,it was a
10、 well-developped digital pad which had three fat cushions(central,axial and abaxial)and an elastic fibrous cushion each digit. The gaps of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in radiograph were approximately 0.6-0.8cm and 0.4-0.6cm wide respectively. The area of proximal articula
11、r facet in digital joints was much larger than that of the corresponding distal end. The relative density of phalanges in digit was slightly larger than in digit ,but the weight and volume of phalanges in digit was slightly smaller than in digit respectively. The relative density of axial proximal s
12、esamoid was slightly smaller than that of the abaxial. The weight and volume of axial proximal sesamoid were larger than of the abaxial respectively. The distal half of proximal phalanx and middle phalanx were obviously oblate. The difference was found to be highly significant (P0.01)in respect of v
13、olume of the proximal and middle phalanx. Difference found to be significant(P0.05)in respect of height of the abaxial distal articular facet palmarly in proximal phalanx,area of proximal articular facet in the middle and distal phalanx.The bones of 24 metacarpus were collected from apparently healt
14、hy,middle size,female and adult yak,cattle,Yak-Cattle(Y-C) hybrid and buffalo (3 for each species,3 right and 3 left). The mean maximal traverse width of the base of the metacarpal(Mc.)+(large metacarpal bone)was the most in cattle(6.90cm),the smallest in yak(5.23cm),and intermediate type in buffalo
15、(6.34cm)and Y-C hybrid(5.87cm). The mean maximal traverse width of the head of the Mc.+ was the most extensive in buffalo(7.09cm),the narrowest in yak(5.36cm),and intermediate type in cattle(6.63cm)and Y-C hybrid(6.24cm).The index of width/length of the Mc.+ was the largest in buffalo(21.26 %),the s
16、econd in yak(20.88 %),the third in Y-C hybrid(20.14 %),and the smallest in cattle(17.44 %). The index of thickness/length was the largest in yak(14.49 %),the smallest in cattle(12.56 %).The mean maximal length of the Mc.+ was the largest in cattle(21.33cm),the smallest in yak(14.08cm). The mean area
17、 of proximal articular facet of the Mc. was larger than that of the Mc. The mean area of proximal articular facet of the Mc., was the most in cattle,the second in yak,the third in Y-C hybrid,and the smallest in buffalo. The mean area of articular facet of the distal Mc., was the same pattern. The me
18、an relative density of the Mc.+ was the most in Y-C hybrid(1.82),intermediate type in cattle(1.70)and buffalo(1.49),and the smallest in yak(1.44).The mean length of the Mc. in yak was 1.50cm. In Y-C hybrid,the Mc. fused partly with the Mc.+,which had also clear vestige. In cattle,the Mc. fused almos
19、t with the Mc.+ which sometimes had clear vestige. In buffalo,the Mc. had disappeared.The bones of 96 digits were collected from apparently healthy,middle size,female and adult yak,cattle,Y-C hybrid and buffalo (3 for each species,3 right and 3 left). Preliminary analysis showed that differences wer
20、e not significant(P0.05)on the means of all measurements from the left and right sides,the digit & ,the digit &. The phalanges and sesamoids of digit & in the yak was the least in density: proximal phalanx(1.20),middle phalanx(1.20),distal phalanx(1.27),axial proximal sesamoid(1.22),abaxial proximal
21、 sesamoid(1.31),distal sesamoid(1.02). The largest mean densities were of the proximal phalanx in the Y-C hybrid(1.34),middle phalanx in the buffalo(1.41)and distal phalanx in the cattle(1.41). The axial proximal sesamoid was the densest in the Y-C hybrid(1.34). The abaxial proximal and distal sesam
22、oids were the densest in the cattle(1.43、1.24). The phalanges of digit & V in the mean density were the least in the cattle(1.03、0.95)and the densest in the Y-C hybrid(1.92、1.32). For phalanges of digit & in the yak,cattle and Y-C hybrid,the order of the decling trend of density was as follows: the
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