生态旅游可持续发展的规划:以发展中国家的旅游胜地为例进行生态旅游研究[外文翻译].doc
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1、(2011届)本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译题目:Planning for Sustainable Ecotourism: The Case for Research Ecotourism in Developing Country DestinationsJulian CliftonDepartment of Geography, University of Portsmouth, UKAngela BensonCentre for Tourism Policy Studies, University of Brighton, UKResearch ecotourism is a relat
2、ively new component of activities within the ecotourism industry, providing research opportunities for visitors focusing on aspects of the natural environment which are principally located in developing countries. This paper is directed towards identifying the nature and causes of socio-cultural imp
3、acts of this strand of ecotourism using a case study from Indonesia. The positive nature of socio-cultural impacts perceived by host communities alongside the irregular nature of economic benefits to host communities is analogous with the altruistic surplus theory of individual recognition of commun
4、al benefits. Certain characteristics of research eco-tourists are identified as contributing towards host reactions towards visitors which reinforce the contention that this is a desirable form of ecotourism in similar locations.Keywords: Indonesia, socio-economic impacts, visitor motivations, volun
5、teer tourism, ecotourismIntroductionThe growth and divergence in the size and nature of the ecotourism sector and its relevance to wider questions of conservation and development has prompted many researchers to focus on the impacts of ecotourism in terms of local economic benefits, changes in socio
6、-cultural attributes of residents and communities as well as the protection of the natural environment. Analyses of these impacts have frequently drawn upon models of tourism development that assume stages or a cycle of evolution reflecting the numbers of visitors and the perceived attraction of the
7、 destination. An assumed similarity between ecotourism activities and the early stages of these models has been used to highlight the potential for ecotourism to open up new destinations for subsequent mass tourism development and the need for adequate planning and management of this process. Howeve
8、r, this assumption necessitates re-appraisal in light of the current uncertainty in the travel market associated with global political events. Furthermore, the proliferation of ecotourism activities requires that evaluation of impacts associated with ecotourism considers the degree to which particul
9、ar types of ecotourism are congruent with the destination environment. It is the intention of this paper to identify the impacts of a branch of ecotourism termed research ecotourism in a developing country destination characterized by a limited and slowly developing ecotourism industry in the contex
10、t of understanding the characteristics and motivations of research eco-tourists and the implications that this may hold for tourism planners and managers.Ecotourism and Tourism DevelopmentMuch has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the popularization of the concept in the late 1980s.
11、 Commonly cited elements include references to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment, the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities, ensuring an educational exp
12、erience for the visitor, or some combination of the above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse, misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).Whilst the lack of an agreed defini
13、tion poses considerable problems in quantifying the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism sector (Ecotourism Society, 1998; Scheyvens, 2002a). This reflects factors such as the availability of relat
14、ively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural environments in developing countries while they last (Hong, 1985) and the increased awareness of governments, particularly in developing countries, of the potential
15、to capitalize on this demand. These have been given further impetus by the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed under international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 20
16、04).Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors motivations are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict the nature of tourisms impacts on the host community and environment. Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism development
17、 present tourism as passing through phases characterized by differing attitudes and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale and characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute t
18、he early stages of such cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up destinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important in that this provides planners with
19、information to help avert the manifestation of negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet the expectations and needs of the eco-tourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio& McCool, 1997).These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in a conte
20、xt of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited to circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions such as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin
21、 continue to favor the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the destination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstances is increasingly unlikely and, in certain case
22、s, at odds with reality. A brief outline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustrate this point.Ecotourism and “Research Ecotourism”Whilst there is an abundance of literature dealing with the varying definitions of what constitutes ecotourism, emphasis is commonly
23、 placed on the responsibility to promote and ensure conservation of the natural environment, promote the economic welfare of local communities and minimize adverse socio-cultural impacts arising from contact between visitors and residents (Boo, 1990; Fennell,1999; Wearing Neil, 1999). Although it is
24、 not the intention of this paper to elaborate on this debate, it is argued that the diversity of activities falling under this broad definition necessitates categorization of ecotourism into more precise groups to facilitate further analysis (Mieczkowski, 1995). The recognition of a sector within th
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