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1、旅游业共同关心的问题外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目: Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern出 处:Senckenbergian amaritima Frankfurt am Main, 199812:209-212作 者:/.ger 原文Abstract Problems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and

2、favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words: Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern? In the Wad

3、den Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year fo

4、r leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices

5、. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation. In 1994, in Leeuwarden,

6、ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland. In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadd

7、en Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of land based recreation on the areas natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism

8、 sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the Situation I. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose

9、from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas

10、.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape. II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to

11、 the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along the mainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in th

12、e sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close

13、 to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over. The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quie

14、t and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called

15、 bad weather facilities like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the

16、 year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird spec

17、ies. IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathing the fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The current possibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, nature combing, walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through

18、 the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral po

19、licy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature? A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the disc

20、ussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trends it When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector 1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide e

21、mployment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health

22、spa with a beach. Work is already in progress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns 2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more trans

23、port is required 3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often. The stabilization of the number of beds available a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume. 4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities

24、can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made4.summarize: I more and more space is taken b

25、y accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist; II Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape; III Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds; IV Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on natu

26、re; V The tourism related cash flow is on the rise; VI A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and., disturb each other. The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the areas natur

27、al development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and

28、 birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just too many people around.Its not enough to acknowl

29、edge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds. A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where can they take place? What amounts are

30、in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation. 5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden Society The Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and

31、 appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on

32、the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane o

33、r a disco party on the beach What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tr

34、opical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need more research. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.To formulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the

35、international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opport

36、unities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: when, where and what amounts. - formulate clear poli

37、cy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute it Time is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In Nord Friesland a Zukunftswerkstatt Tourisms und Umwelt is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung

38、 The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recrea

39、tion at a trilateral level. It must be possible to develop a common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational i

40、nterests.译文旅游业共同关心的问题摘要 旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论,讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。讨论的重点是欧洲国家承认“三边瓦登海”的政策。其中所涉及的国家包括荷兰,德国和丹麦。关键词:三方瓦登海政策,旅游,娱乐用地为基础,对大自然有不利影响 一、引言 “三方瓦登海政策”使在瓦登海地区的人们的生活、工作和家庭重建等得到了改变。“三方瓦登海政策”一直主要集中在海上娱乐。在这个瓦登海地区一般都有沙丘,滩涂和潮地区等,这些自然景观会影响陆上休闲活动。瓦登海地区每年有成千上万的游客来到这地区旅游。由于这个地区旅游的影响和发展,所以就有必要扩大这一政策的范围,使这

41、个策略可适用于发展当地所有的休闲活动。这是一个明智的决策选择。怎么样的娱乐活动和住宿设施适合这些地方?他们应该如何做如何完成这些设施及活动的建设?旅游与自然的和谐,要如何保护呢?这些问题的答案都是保护自然和实现旅游战略发展的一部分。 1994年,在戈登海提出的“三方瓦登海政策”,主要是为这些地区制定了生态目标,特别是对海滩和沙丘,盐沼,海岸线和农村地区(在岛屿和大陆邻近地区)。此外,人们认识到三边政策所涵盖的不仅仅是瓦登海更广阔的领域,而是为当地的动物群和植物群的自然栖息地,目的是为了增加旅游的资源。为了更好地了解这些政策对自然环境的影响,首先必须考虑当地旅游部门的情况。主要是基于旅游协会在瓦

42、登海地区讨论之后的经验。 二、具体内容(一)形势综述 一、自本世纪中叶,瓦登海区已成为越来越多的游客受欢迎的目的地。如今,游客可以选择所需要的住宿,例如:酒店,登山小屋,公寓,野营地,平房等。这方面的发展引发了大量的建筑等相关活动,更多的是对新的用地建设用以取代旧的建筑物。而这些建筑活动是这些地区的成本要素之一。所以,越来越多的开发商占据了这些空间,进行基础设施建设等。有的体现在大自然中,有的是在农村的历史建筑物或者景观的成本中。 二、但并不是所有的游客到该地区留下来住宿。一方面是因为距离的原因。特别是岛屿渡轮,频繁而低价的轮渡是的很多游客选择一日游,所以并不需要住宿。在另一方面,大陆海岸线不

43、同的休闲区也吸引了其他的游客,特别是在德国,其数目相当大。游客不仅渴望在阳光下上海滩的地方,而且也希望走在沙丘上,买一杯咖啡,有适当的交通设施,并贯穿整个地区。例如,每天增加的渡轮班次,在停车场上,为内地游客提供额外的停车位。 三、短假期,周末休息已成为许多人的理想时间。长期淡季时期,当地环境的安静居民的自然等是些很让游客满意的地方。露营场地小屋和别墅成为了越来越多的游客的选择。在假期季节,以及恶劣天气的发展趋势,在沙丘上出现步行者和自由运动者,但这些人类活动可能会导致鸟类的迁徙和繁殖问题。如果在每年早些时候对公众关闭旅游区,那么对这些鸟类的重要领域就会形成保护。但是这是不现实的,因为人们应该

44、尽可能多的机会享受大自然,并进行适当的锻炼等。而且当地的旅游活动不仅可以增加当地的知名度,提高当地居民的收入,而且可以带了许多就业机会。所以,节假日的延长意味着更多的风险,并干扰了鸟类物种的数量。 四、休闲活动不再局限于一两种。目前可能的休闲活动似乎无穷无尽,有跳伞,高尔夫球,走在泥滩,参观鸟殖民地,短期航空飞机旅行,放风筝,日光浴,晚上乘坐马车,越野自行车等。所以,休闲活动以自然为本,对大自然就有越来越多的不利影响。 五、旅游业的经济方面发挥了一定的作用,这方面是在决策过程中进行的。但是,在怎样条件的经济影响下,才能实现资源的可持续利用。所以,经济方面是关于旅游的讨论的重要部分。 (二)发展

45、和新趋势 “三边瓦登海”政策重要的是要考虑其在部门的发展和趋势。 1、旅游业类似于是种植业。它被看作是一个部门能在不久的将来提供就业机会的行业。基于这个原因,政府通常给予补贴。在相对较高的失业率的情况下,这是一个对当地有吸引力的政策。在戈登海沿海岸的许多社区,已经计划开发旅游。从建设一个公园,一个小平房与海滩的健康水疗中心等基础设施开始。基础设施工作已经开始进展,但为了改善居住质量,这还需要更多的投资和建设。 2、采取短假期方式。可以充分运用淡季的资源以及缓解旺季的游客承载力,对环境的可持续发展也有一定的贡献。 4、迈向更积极的假期趋势。可以从自然环境和观光运动项目出发。以瓦登海为背景制定一个

46、战略。 三、总结: 越来越多的空间是被住宿、餐饮等基础设施占据,这还需要更多的游客来提高服务的质量;旅游季节延长意味着缩短鸟类栖息的时期;人类的自然活动,对大自然有越来越多的不利影响;旅游相关的现金流量呈上升趋势;参观和欣赏瓦登海地区的人也呈逐渐上升趋势。 瓦登海地区在国际的重要性无需强调。当地居民要做的是实现目标。“三方瓦登海”政策不能忽视陆地上的休闲活动,并造成了深远的影响,如沙丘,湿地和鸟类等动物的保护。正在建设当中的现代化建筑掩盖了该地区的文化和历史价值。对该地应该进行怎么样的配套建设,何时,何地才能进行?怎样与自然和谐相处?答案就是对自然保护和可持续发展战略的研究。 (一)荷兰瓦登社

47、会的选择 瓦登海地区提供了一些非常特殊的休闲机会。当人们去认识和欣赏一个领域时,他们更愿意去保护它。而从旅游业的角度看它具有自然价值、文化价值、历史价值等,这些都是瓦登海地区在旅游业上面的重要卖点。瓦登海以“自然”为旅游导向。在这样一种方式下,尊重大自然、利用大自然。 从一个可持续发展和经济手段的角度上来讲,这是一个重要的问题。当然,这是否意味着更多的游客,更少的领导管理旅游地区者?更多的设施管理?这些方面确实需要更多的研究。荷兰的瓦登海社会已采取措施,在这个方面绝对不能松懈。要制定这样一个至关重要的战略,要有一个全面的了解。在国际瓦登海地区,游客数量以及其他方面的统计仍是不完整的。因此,对自

48、然保护可持续发展的可能性策略有以下几个:对所需掌握的区域有一定的了解;确定该地区提供了就业机会以及其他机会;确定现有旅游与自然之间的保护目标;选择旅游活动的目标类型;制定明确的政策目标;制定各项指标,监测和执行该政策;时机成熟做出选择,并提出一些见议。在北弗里斯兰省的旅游业的有限公司正在制定,目的是就拟订相关政策的可行性研究。荷兰,德国和丹麦省以及瓦登海地区启动了一个项目制定一项关于可持续旅游的战略。“三方瓦登海政策”则可以保持这些见议适当行使。 1997年,在瓦登海地区体育场,对土地的改革以及基础设施建设得到了确认。这个政策必须能够正确发展发展,特别是在生态环境和景观方面,这一个目标成为了在三方瓦登海地区所有的旅游和休闲活动的共同战略,也反映了当地居民的利益。