软件工程毕业论文:卫生保健系统设计.doc
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1、东北大学软件学院毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料(原文与译文)外文题目:Health care system中文题目:卫生保健系统作 者:Ralph Kimball专 业:软件工程班 级:软件 班学 号:姓 名: 2011年6月10日Health care systemNowadays, the health care systems which are provided by nations have improved their residents health remarkably. Take the USA for example, the life expectancy at birth
2、 has raised to 80 years old, while the infant mortality has declined to 7. In other countries of the world, the similar situation also exists widely.Since the health care systems are playing more and more important roles in national health, people often pay much attention to which systems are better
3、 and whether the current systems can be improved. However, the aspects of these systems that vary widely between nations (such as how they are funded, the mode which services are delivered, percentage of GDP spent on health care, the personal living habits and so on) are so many that it is hard for
4、us to determine which system is better. Actually, it is impossible and not necessary for us to use the data about all the aspects, thus our tasks are to choose and combine some metrics to evaluate a health care system with sufficient reasons. Then the evaluation method is used between the USA and an
5、other country to check up whether it is available.Using the evaluation method, we can gain that the effectiveness between different health care systems is different, which means there is still a long way for nations to improve their health care systems. Based on the fact that any measures that a nat
6、ion takes can affect the effectiveness of the health care systems evidently, if we want to get much better effective health care systems, some useful measures are absolutely necessary.Part I: Choosing and combining metrics1.1 Choosing metricsAs we all know, aspects of health care systems vary widely
7、 between nations, all of which can reflect the effectiveness of health care systems to a certain extent. However, according to the World Health Statistics given by the WHO, the number of metrics is more than 70, it is nearly impossible for us to evaluate a health care system using all of the metrics
8、. To simplify the evaluation, we have chosen some important metrics, which can affect the effectiveness of health care systems more remarkably. Generally, a health care system can be evaluated from the following six aspects: 1) Mortality2) Morbidity 3) Coverage4) Health systems resource 5) Health sy
9、stems expenditure 6) InequityIn allusion to each aspect, there are some representative metrics. 1.1.1 The reason for the choice of mortalityRefer to the world health statistics given by the WHO, mortality should include life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortal
10、ity rate, maternal mortality ratio, cause-specific mortality rate and so on. Out of question, the life expectancy should be the most important metrics, for all the health care systems aim to extend it as long as possible. Besides, generally speaking, infants and pregnant women often have the weakest
11、 vitality, thus infant mortality rate; neonatal mortality rate and maternal mortality rate can be chosen to infect the effectiveness of a certain system. However, another important function of a health care system is the cure for some typical epidemic diseases, hence the mortality rate of typical ep
12、idemic sufferer should also be in our consideration.In conclusion, the chosen metrics of mortality are:1) Life expectancy2) Infant mortality rate3) Neonatal mortality rate4) Maternal mortality rate5) Mortality rate of typical epidemic sufferer 1.1.2 The reason for the choice of morbidityFor a health
13、 care system, its function is not only the cure for diseases but also preventing them. Concretely, the effectiveness of prevention can be represented by morbidity of typical epidemic diseases.1.1.3 The reason for the choice of coverageIt is a truth that each person should has the equal right to enjo
14、y the health care system, which is the aim pursued by a country at the same time. But in fact, its really a long way to go to gain this ends for there are all kinds of impeditive factors. Consequently, we need to determine the coverage of some medical treatments such as: 1) Immunization coverage2) A
15、ntenatal care coverage3) Contraceptive prevalence rate4) Proportion of the population without hospitalization insurance.1.1.4 The reason for the choice of health systems resourceIn our opinions, the more resource a health care system has, the better effectiveness it will be, which means the health c
16、are systems resource is another important evaluate aspect. However, since populations of each country widely vary between nations, the per capita share of resources may represent the health system resource more reasonably. The corresponding metrics are:1) Human resource of health systems as %of tota
17、l population 2) Per capita material resources of health systems1.1.5 The reason for the choice of health systems expenditurePeople typically come into direct contact with a health system as patients, attended by providers, only once or twice a year. More often their contact is as consumers of nonpre
18、scription medications and as recipients of health-related information and advice. They meet the system as contributors to paying for it, knowingly every time they buy care out of pocket or pay insurance premiums or social security contributions, and knowingly whenever they pay taxes that are used in
19、 part of finance health. Based on the fact that the health care systems expenditure is made up of two parts, where one part is expended by individuals and the other is expended by governments. However, both of them can be represented as total expenditure on health of GDP, thus we choose three metric
20、s in this part:1) The total expenditure on health as %of GDP2) Government and private expenditure on health as %of Total expenditure on health 3) Per capita total expenditure on health.1.1.6 The reason for the choice of inequitiesThe resources devoted to health systems are very unequally distributed
21、, and not at all in proportion to the distribution of health problems. For an ideal health care system, every person should receive most the same medical treatment, however things go contrary to our wishes, there are inequitable factors necessarily when the resource of health care systems are distri
22、buted, generally speaking, the inequities must exist between persons and regions. So the inequities should not be ignored.1.1.7 Aggregate the chosen metrics in a tableTo make the chosen results more clearly, we concluded them in the following table. (refer to table 1)Metrics IdentifiedAspect Foundat
23、ional MetricsmortalityLife expectancyInfant mortality rateNeonatal mortality rateMaternal mortality ratiomortality rate of typical epidemic sufferermorbiditytypical epidemic morbiditycoverageImmunization coverageAntenatal care coverageContraceptive prevalence rateProportion of the population without
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