计算机专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译1.doc

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1、编号： 毕业设计(英文)资料翻译院 （系）： 计 算 机 系 专 业： 自 动 化 学生姓名： 学 号： 010320217 指导教师单位： 计 算 机 系 姓 名： 职 称： 实 验 师 Standalone Phono Pre-ampA HIGH-PRECISION PHONO PREAMPLIFIERby Fred Nachbaur, Dogstar 1997, 1: INTRODUCTIONThere has been much press lately about the merits (and drawbacks) of the venerable vacuum tube. How

2、 much of this retro movement is based in demonstrable principles, and how much is rooted in nostalgia or subjectivity is a debate that could fill volumes.What is clear is that there is considerable renewed interest in vacuum tubes, a technology that even two decades ago was considered as obsolete as

3、 spats and top hats. Now the trend is reversing, and a number of manufacturers are again supplying tube gear for audiophiles, musicians and hobbyists. In many cases, these are simply vintage circuits in new packaging. Other products offer new approaches to vacuum tube technology, adding what weve le

4、arned in the meantime to come up with some truly noteworthy designs. The project described here fits into the latter category.Why use tubes anyway?The central argument for the pro-tube movement is that specs can be almost meaningless, and that what counts is how it sounds to the individual listener.

5、 Highly subjective descriptions are therefore used, instead of the techno-babble weve more-or-less gotten used to in recent times. The opposite camp claims that numbers dont lie, and that you cant improve something by adding distortion of any kind.Both camps have valid points. Most of us have heard

6、expensive gear with spectacular specifications, but were left cold by the too good to be true, almost clinical sound of such equipment. Similarly, most people will agree that just because something has tubes in it doesnt make it worth listening to. Turn on one of those old All-American Five table-to

7、p AM radios if you want a striking demonstration of just how bad vacuum tube equipment can sound.Perhaps a way of reconciling the two viewpoints is to consider the distinction between musical equipment, and reproduction equipment. For musical gear, the individual frequency, waveform and phase distor

8、tions are part of what defines the sound of, say, a Fender tube amp. Just as no- one would try to define a fineStradivarius violin with specs and distortion figures, so also it would be specious to argue that a certain tube guitar amp has over 12% THD (total harmonic distortion) at 35 watts.Reproduc

9、tion equipment, on the other hand, has always been expected to give a perfect rendition of the signal applied to it. Sounds good in principle; if such a thing existed, we should be able to exactly and perfectly reproduce everything from a grundge band to the New York Philharmonic, making the reprodu

10、ctions indistinguishable from the original performances.But therein lies the rub. The overall sound of a stereo system depends so heavily on the room its in, the speakers, volume level, personal preference, and a host of other fuzzy variables that a perfect reproduction system cannot be said to exis

11、t even in this day and age, and probably never will. Add the fact that most if not all recordings are electronically sweetened to some degree to make them sound good (as opposed to being an exact copy of the performance), and arguments for the clinical reproduction approach lose credibility.Carried

12、to extremes, an ideal reproduction system wouldnt even have any controls, except perhaps for selecting inputs. If you think about it, personal preference is the only reason why stereos have volume controls, equalizers, and other adjustments to let us customize the sound to suit our very individual e

13、ars and brains.It might be best to view the reproduction gear as a continuation of the same process that started with the construction of the instruments used in the performance. What we ultimately hear is the sum total effect of everything from that original instrument design, to the way it is play

14、ed by the artist, through the entire recording, mixing and distribution process, to the gear we use to play it, and how weve set its controls.There is, therefore, a considerable difference in design approach between theinstrument and reproduction categories. An earlier design (The Real McTube) docum

15、ented a vacuum tube pre-amplifier for use as an adjunct to electric instruments. The design approach was largely empirical, and the emphasis was on highlighting the unique distortion characteristics of the vacuum tube. This article explores the reproduction aspect; the design approach was quite math

16、ematical and precise, and the emphasis is on controlling the characteristics of the vacuum tube.Vinyl vs. CDSimilar arguments are ongoing regarding vinyl records vs. compact discs. The CD camp points at the CDs accuracy, definition, and clarity, while vinyl lovers bemoan the CDs lack of warmth and c

17、laim that conventional records sound morenatural.This project gives you the opportunity to explore these subjective and controversial debates, letting your own ears be the judge. You may find that there are some recordings that sounds better through the tube pre-amp, and others that benefit from the

18、 improved definition (whatever that is, technically speaking) that good solid-state gear can offer.2: DESIGN PHILOSOPHYThe design philosophy was to improve on vintage tube designs by incorporating refinements normally only associated with solid-state gear. Prime among these is the use of differentia

19、l input stages, in which the inverting input is usedstrictly for feedback. Another is the use of direct coupling between stages, a technique once quite common in oscilloscopes, but rare in audio gear. The resulting circuits are thus closely related to the operational amplifier, and used in a similar

20、 fashion.In addition to the quasi-opamp idea, some other design concepts used in theproject are:Use of readily available parts wherever possible. For this reason, tube types 12AX7A and 12AT7A were employed.Direct coupling was used in crucial parts of the circuitry. More about this later.Flexibility

21、in use was a prime consideration. While this articles details the use of this circuit design as a magnetic (RIAA) and ceramic phono pre-amplifier, there is virtually no limit to the number of possible applications with suitable modification of the feedback networks.A Word About Negative FeedbackIt i

22、s perhaps an unfortunate accident of history that the term negative feedback was used to describe the linearization technique of applying a portion of the output signal back to the input, in opposite phase to the applied signal. It gives the impression to audiophiles with enough knowledge to be dang

23、erous that negative feedback must somehow be a bad thing. Ive seen diatribes against the evils of negative feedback, yet in the same breath such critics extol the virtues of ultra-linear output transformers. The joke is that such transformers achieve this linearization by applying local negative fee

24、dback to the screen grids!Perhaps a better moniker for negative feedback would be dynamic compensation or something on that order. Consider the following characteristics ofwell-designed negative feedback systems:A: Precise control over closed-loop gain and minimization of gain drift withcomponent ag

25、ing.B: Considerable reduction in distortion and noise introduced within a givengain block.C: Reduction of effective series output resistance.D: Precise control and stabilization of frequency characteristics. Extensionof high-frequency response where needed.E: Reduces or eliminates the need for caref

26、ul component matching3: HOW IT WORKSThe sections that follow step through the principles of operation of this design. Since it is quite different from traditional designs, I suggest that you follow through this at least once. If the fine points are over your head, dont worry about it; hopefully enou

27、gh of the information will stick to give you at least a working understanding of the circuit.There are in-line illustrations of the schematic, repeated as necessary. (If you have caching turned on in your browser, youll only have to actually download the images once.) These Figures (schematics) are

28、shown here in reduced size. Click on the image to enlarge it, preferably by right-clicking and opening the image in a new window. Full-size, printable versions are also available in the Resources section. It is highly recommended that you print out these files and have the diagrams at hand as you st

29、udy this document, especially if you plan on actually building yourself one of these units.Note that in the schematic diagrams, only one channel is shown; the other channel is of course identical. Please note that part numbers refer to the various sections as follows: (Well be assuming the left chan

30、nel in this discussion.)1-99Common parts (power supply, etc.) Also tube designations.100-199Left phono preamp200-299Right phono preamp3-A) HIGH-PRECISION PHONO PREAMPLIFIER: OVERVIEWConsiderable effort was taken to design a preamp that is as clean as possible tosatisfy discerning audiophiles, while

31、maintaining a relatively low parts count to satisfy limited budgets. It should be noted at this point that, while the discussion is in the specific context of an RIAA phono pre-amplifier, this design lends itself well to a wide range of other uses.This universal preamp module sports a high gain (abo

32、ut 60 dB) and differentialinput stages that allow for differential input (as for balanced mic preamps) as well as either inverting or non-inverting single-ended applications. Frequencyresponse shaping and gain setting are accomplished using the appropriate feedback networks.The schematic diagram of

33、the phono/mic preamp is shown in Figure 2. If built on a PCB, the phono preamp equalisation is accomplished using a small daughtercard directly on the main board; if you use the point-to-point wiring approach,these networks can be wired on separate terminal strips for easy modification ifnecessary.F

34、igure 2 Phono (Magnetic and Ceramic) PreamplifieThe main circuit board was designed to be virtually universal in applicability. Small outrigger feedback cards are used to customize the response to almost anything you might need. Figure 6 plots gain vs. feedback ratio for the non-inverting configurat

35、ion as used in the phono/mic preamp. There is an obvious linear relationship, except at high gain. (The porch at the low end is due to the +1 when using the non-inverting mode; see below for further details. In the inverting mode, as used in the tone preamp section, the relationship remains linear a

36、t low gain settings.)Figure 6 Preamplifier Gain vs. Feedback RatioAs detailed here, the phono preamp is selectable (using a switch) between magnetic (RIAA equalization, high gain), and ceramic (flat response, low gain).See Figure 7, which graphs open-loop response and the two closed-loop phonocurves

37、. If you only need one or the other mode options, the switch and theappropriate associated components can be omitted.Figure 7 Open-loop, Magnetic Phono and Ceramic Phono Response CurvesThere is no reason why you couldnt adapt this universal preamplifier module forany other gain/equalization combinat

38、ions, simply by modifying the feedbacknetworks. (Figure 8 gives a few ideas, covered in more detail in Other PreampApplications.)Other Possible Preamplifier ApplicationsPhono equalisationIn magnetic phono mode, the RIAA curve is achieved by using negative feedback to decrease the gain at higher freq

39、uencies, according to the RIAA specification.The result is that the amplifier runs almost open-loop (about 60 dB gain) at 40Hz, and rolls off smoothly to a gain of less than 20 dB at 20 kHz. This means that the tube sound caused by even-order distortion will be most pronounced in the bass region, gi

40、ving it that warmth that is so highly prized by vacuum tube aficionados. At higher frequencies, this distortion is increasingly cancelled out by the negative feedback that sets the gain, keeping the mids from sounding brassy, and the highs from sounding splashy (two common complaints about open-loop

41、 tube amplifiers).In CD (or ceramic cartridge) mode, response is flat within 0.5 dB over the audio range, and voltage gain is set at 5 (about 14 dB). At this relatively low gain, the circuit is very clean and distortion-free. However, discerning ears will hear a subtle quality of warmth not present

42、in solid-state gear.A 3:1 voltage divider at the input results in an overall system gain of 5 dB. Theoutput level of CD players varies widely among various models, so you can trim this input gain to suit your machine by changing a single input resistor per channel. Similarly, total circuit gain can

43、be changed with a single resistor on the feedback cards.The tube types and their operating points were carefully chosen to minimize power supply requirements, and to maximize tube life. Both channels together draw only about 7 mA from a 400 volt supply. This voltage can be derived from a stand-alone

44、 unit as documented in this article, or from a larger supply used to drive a vacuum tube power amp.3-B) PRE-AMP DIFFERENTIAL INPUT STAGESThe preamplifier features a differential input stage, giving us both aninverting and a non-inverting input and affording additional useful and beneficial features.

45、 The following discussion relates directly to the Phono preamps (refer to Figure 2), but applies by extension to other applications also. Phono PreamplifierThe appropriate input signal is coupled from the magnetic or ceramicphono input jacks, through switch SW2, to the grid of the first section of V

46、1 (a 12AX7A vacuum tube) via coupling capacitor C101. Since this grid is at a substantial DC voltage above ground, resistor R101 is used to insure that the input is always at DC ground potential. Note that, as far as the input AC signal is concerned, this 100K resistor is effectively in parallel wit

47、h R102 (also 100K), giving us the 50K input impedance required for most magnetic phono cartridges. The two triode sections of V1 are used as a differential amplifier. Note that the cathodes are tied together, and go to ground via a relatively large shared cathode resistance consisting of R104 and R1

48、05. This acts as a rudimentary constant-current source. If the current in either triode increases, a comparable amount of current will be robbed from the other triode. Therefore, if the voltage on the signal input increases (goes more positive), plate current increases and the plate voltage of that triode will drop, while the plate voltage of the other triode increases by about th