河北省水资源及其开发与利用毕业论文.doc

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1、河北省水资源及其开发与利用毕业论文（设计）文献综述包括国内外研究现状、发展趋势、存在问题、参考文献依据，对文献资料进行概括、分析（不少于1000字）。随着全球性水资源供需矛盾的日益加剧，世界各国，特别是发达国家都把农业高效用水列为农业发展的重要任务。我国二十多年来在农业节水方面也取得了显著成效，积累了丰富的经验。了解国内外农业发展动态，对于借鉴先进节水经验，找出差距，明确节水目标，制定我省农业节水切实可行的发展战略是非常必要的。 世界上各国农业发展情况大致可分为四种类型。一种是以美国、澳大利亚等西方发达国家为代表的经济发达，水资源比较丰富的国家;一种是以以色列为代表的经济发达，水资源紧缺的国家

2、;一种是经济不发达，水资源比较丰富的发展中国家:第四种是以中国、印度为代表的经济欠发达而水资源紧缺的国家。由于各国经济、水资源及管理方式的不同，农业节水发展进程也有差别。美国以雄厚的国力及得天独厚的自然地理条件，使与农业相关的诸多领域处于世界领先地位，澳大利亚人少地多，虽然降雨量较少，年降雨量仅470mm，但人均水资源占有量较丰富，农业节水水平处于世界领先地位，以色列是世界少雨极度干旱的国家，农业节水发展的特色对于世界干旱地区农业发展具有借鉴作用，印度经济与人口、水资源、气候与我国条件相似，农业的发展与我国有可比性。目前我国农业节水存在的问题主要有：1、灌区工程老化：我国的许多灌区大多是20世

3、纪5070年代修建的。由于建设资金不足，很多灌区只能因陋就简，工程配套不全，经过长期运行，老化失修严重，以致于难以为继。2、农业节水政策法规不健全：近年来，我国节水灌溉发展虽然很快，取得了一定成绩。但是节水政策研究不够。节水灌溉方面的政策、法规和规章制度建设相对滞后，农业灌溉用水管理体制不适应市场机制的要求。3、农业灌溉水价偏低：由于农业灌溉水价偏低，农业用水目前仍有大水漫灌的现象，低水价难以发挥价格杠杆的作用，不利于节水灌溉的推广。农业节水工程标准低，技术水平落后。4、农业节水资金投入不足，投入机制不理顺目前，我国节水灌溉面积还不到有效灌溉面积的一半节水灌溉设备的生产规模和产品质量还不能完全

4、满足节水灌溉的发展需要，节水灌溉设备的技术监督和质量检测工作亟待加强，节水灌溉制度的研究和应用仍是薄弱环节。实现全国节水灌溉发展目标，每年至少需要投入60亿元。目前，节水灌溉的主要投资渠道是农业银行发放的节水灌溉贴息贷款，每年只有20亿元贷款规模，资金投入不足，缺少稳定的投入渠道，投入机制不理顺，远不能满足节水灌溉的发展需要。5、认识不到位：我国水资源短缺的严重性，水资源对生态环境、国民经济和社会发展造成的影响还远未引起人们的足够重视。农业节水在国内已得了一些成绩，特别是节水技术方向已不成问题，如：发展管灌是节水农业的有效途径边学义；喷灌灌溉技术(一) 、（二）、（三）沈雪民。同时也有轻技术性

5、研究，主要采取系统分析的办法，如山东省节水灌溉研究 李进凯，在此文中，作者坚持以科技为先导，用战略思维、世界眼光、高新科技指导研究工作，从山东省水资源现状入手，深入分析了搞好农业节水工作在山东省经济社会发展中的重要地位，提出了农业节水的体系框架，全面分析了国内外农业节水的发展水平及我省农业节水中存在的问题，提出了山东省农业节水的指导思想、基本原则、农业用水需求和节水目标，提出了山东省发展农业节水的措施，有较强的应用性。毕业论文（设计）翻译文章 列出参阅的外文文献资料的篇目，对其中与研究课题相关的重要文献进行翻译，注明原文的出处并附原文（附在后面）（不少于2000字）。中国的节水灌溉王彦军 徐成

6、波 高虹 顾宇平中国灌溉与排水开发中心摘要:由于有限的水资源, 众多的人口, 在中国，节水灌溉(WSI)已被确认为一项革命性措施来抓. 本文介绍了WSI的发展背景及主要成就. 并给予简要介绍了中日两国模式,规划项目的节水措施,在大规模的灌溉计划 : 关键词:中国、灌溉、合作 ,概论1,1背景：中国是一个有着一亿三千八百多万农民的农业大国，它经常遭受旱灾和水灾的困扰,供水能满足需求首要问题， 中国有各种不同的地形组成的高原和山区,其中包括山区占59%的面积,盆地占19 % , 平地面积12%和丘陵占总面积的10% . 中国已经把总灌溉面积从建国初期的16万公顷提高到2002年的55万公顷, 人均

7、耕地从0.08到0.1公顷，即世界平均水平的三分之一,而且中国是世界上人均耕地最少的国家之一. 我国降水从干旱的西北的200毫米到湿润的东南的1600mm，中国东南部有些领域获得高达2000mm降雨量. 尽管有多种多样的自然环境,整个中国已经有了相当缺水的相对高的需求. 水的需求正迅速增加,由于庞大的人口压力和不断增加的需要,为生活用水和工业用水. 总额的水资源是2800亿立方米, 但人均水资源只有2300立方米,是四分之一的世界平均水平, 东亚和太平洋地区是世界上13个国家的缺水问题. 在中国,有70%以上的水用于农业，灌溉用水占90% . 中国有402个大型灌区(包括一个面积超过20,00

8、0公顷) , 5,600大中型灌区(包括一个面积介乎660公顷和20,000公顷) . 受天然的地理特征, 75% 全国粮食产品和90%的替代作物已在生产领域当中,只有40%的 全国总灌溉面积. 它造成的农业发展在很大程度上取决于灌溉. 与其他发展中国家相似, 中国从1950年代到1970年代投巨资新建灌溉项目,许多大型灌区已建成 在此期间. 有很大一部分这方面的建设工作由工程专业知识不足的集体劳动的农民完成. 由于中央政府的投资的减少,可灌溉80年代以来,运行20-30岁 灌区,很多问题都没有得到解决，结果如下:a、恶化,大部分水利基本建设项目. 40%的主要水利设施被破坏和灌溉水利用效率只

9、达到0.42 , 这是远低于发达国家( 0.70 ) ; b 、不当的管理制度,缺乏主动的运行机制. 操作和维修的资金不足,因为农民缴纳的水费只有实际供水成本的1 / 3至2 / 3. 此外,水费不完全收集; c 、农业水资源的短缺. 由于经济的发展, 农业、工业和生活用水之间的竞争越来越激烈. 为了满足增加灌溉面积,并与联合国增加灌溉用水量是一大挑战. 1.2灌溉系统的恢复和改造：在1990年的改革,中国的经济体制改革. 传统的计划经济转入市场经济的发展. 灌溉已获得广阔的发展空间.从1996 ,水利部已开始继续建设基础设施和节水灌溉项目,大型灌区与国家债务. 从1998年至2002年, 2

10、47灌区已修复与节水措施的总投资额约1.5亿美元, 其中765百万美元是从国家的债务约740亿美元的捐款由当地对应资金. 通过灌溉系统的修复,灌溉水利用率已达到17 % . 新增和改善灌溉面积已达到5.6万ha.11亿立方米,水质已获救. 引进pim (参与灌溉管理)开展了灌溉管理体制改革在许多灌区. 水用户协会(悠久)被包括在设计和实施世界银行贷款长江流域水资源 项目从1992.那么,在近10年来,中国已建立了超过1000悠久,在全国19个省, 80灌区. 水利部大力支持推动参与灌溉管理( PIM )在. 在一些公文溃坝pim一直主张. 该项目的复建与节水灌溉和产量的提高大中规模灌溉区, p

11、im将扩展为一种模式的机构改革,农业灌溉. 2、发展节水灌溉(节水灌溉) 2.1重视节水灌溉,是非常有利于缓解水资源短缺的问题. 近年来,越来越多的水资源严重短缺的见证,由于人口的增长,生活水平的改善, 经济发展和持续干旱的华北. 据估计,有足够的水供应超过400个城市的共计663个城市, 以60 % ,而农业遭受缺水30亿立方米左右. 旱灾影响面积已由20万公顷, 1980年为26.7百万. 因此,粮食损失达20亿公斤左右. 水资源短缺已经意识到作为一个主要制约因素对经济和社会的发展. 由于落后的灌溉技术与传统的大水漫灌的习惯,用水浪费严重. 灌溉效率只有0.43 . 一些研究,研究结果表明

12、,水资源潜力可挖的农业高效用水与水资源管理 改善. 为了满足增加灌溉面积,目前水量综合利用水平,是一个很大的挑战. 节水工程已采取的一项战略措施来提高水的生产力. 节水灌溉是必要的,以确保粮食安全和水生态系统在21世纪. 由于有限的水资源和土地资源,节水灌溉,是相当当作革命性措施来抓,在灌溉发展. 近年来,水环境问题也越来越明显. 草场已萎缩,沙尘暴频频发生广泛. 作为最大的用水户,农业必须实施节水灌溉,腾出用水保护环境的目的.2.2启动节水灌溉 在1980 研究喷灌和微喷灌进行中,许多试点地区已经成立. 由于对质量不合格的材料,经营成本高昂,利润低,粮食生产 这是令人难以普及喷灌和微喷灌系统

13、遍布全国. 为了减少水的流失运输工具 技术的研究防渗技术及其应用在我国西北地区. 进入90年代,随着进步的研究和经验,对技术节水灌溉等浅湿灌溉水田区 防渗和管道输水灌溉,已被广泛推广应用. 在9个五年计划( 1996-2000年) 政府已高度重视,对节水灌溉有重大投资. 关键的300个试点县节水高产-改善 被选定在全国推广节水灌溉. 大型灌区康复考虑节水灌溉 重点工作已经启动自1996年. Water-saving Irrigation in China WANG Yanjun XU Chengbo GAO Hong GU YupingChina Irrigation and Drainage

14、 Development CenterAbstract: Because of limited water resources with large population, water-saving irrigation (WSI) has been recognized as a revolutionary measure in China. This paper presents the development background and the main achievements of WSI. And also give a brief introduction of Sino-Ja

15、pan“Model Planning Project for Water Saving Measures in Large-scale Irrigation Schemes”:Key words: China, irrigation, cooperation1、GENERAL INTRODUCTION1、1 Background China is a large agricultural country with huge population 1.3 billion and more than 800 million of that are farmers. It is frequently

16、 suffered from drought and flood, the problem of water supply to meet demand is outstanding. China has a varied topography comprising plateaus and mountainous area which cover 59% of the area, basins cover 19%, plains covering 120 and hilly areas occupying 10% of the total territory. China has incre

17、ased its total irrigated area from 16 million ha at the founding of the Peoples Republic of China to 55 million ha in 2002. Per capita arable land is only 0.08 to 0.1 ha which is one-third of the world average and puts China among the countries which the least per capita arable land. Rainfall in Chi

18、na varies from 200 mm in the arid Northwest to 1600mm in the humid Southeast while some areas of south-eastern China receive up to 2000mm rainfall. Despite of great diversity of physical environments, overall China has a considerable shortage of water relative to its high demand. Water demand is inc

19、reasing rapidly due to huge population pressure and rising needs for water for domestic and industrial uses. The total amount of water resources is 2800 billion cubic meters, but per capita water resource is only 2300 cubic meter which is one-fourth of the world average, putting China to be one of 1

20、3 countries with water shortage problem. In China, 70% of the total water is used for agriculture with irrigation water consumption taking up 90%. China has 402 large irrigation districts (consist of an area of more than 20,000 ha), 5,600 medium-sized irrigation districts (consist of an area of betw

21、een 660 ha and 20,000 ha). Influenced by the natural geographic characteristic, 75% national grain products and 90% alternative crops have been produced in the area which takes only 40% of the total national irrigation area. It results the agricultural development depends greatly on irrigation. Simi

22、lar to other developing countries, China invested heavily in constructing new irrigation projects from 1950s through 1970s and many large-scale irrigation districts have been built during this period. A large part of this construction work was done by mass labor of farmers with inadequate engineerin

23、g expertise. Due to the decline of central government investment available in irrigation since 1980s and the running of 20-30 years of irrigation districts, many problems have been resulted as following: a) deterioration of most water infrastructures. 40% of main water facilities have been damaged a

24、nd irrigation water use efficiency reaches only 0.42, which is far below developed country (0.70); b) improper management system and lack of initiatives in operation mechanism. Operation and maintenance funds are inadequate since farmers pay water charge is only 1/3 to 2/3 of the actual cost of supp

25、lying water cost. In addition, the water charges are not fully collected; C) shortage of water resources in agriculture. According to the economy development, the competition between agriculture, industrial and domestic is rising dramatically. To satisfy increased irrigation area with un-increased i

26、rrigation water consumption is a big challenge for China.1.2 Irrigation System Rehabilitation and Reform During 1990s the reform of the Chinese economic system intensified. The conventional planning economy was transferred into market economy in China. Irrigation has been developed extensively. Sinc

27、e1996, MWR has started the continued construction on infrastructure and water-saving irrigation projects in large-scale irrigation districts with national debt. From 1998 to 2002, 247 irrigation districts have been rehabilitated with water-saving measures in total investment about 1.5 billion US dol

28、lars, of which 765million US dollars was from national debt and about 740 million US dollars contributed by local counterpart funds. Through the irrigation system rehabilitation, irrigation water efficiency has been risen 17%. The newly increased and improved irrigation area has been reached to 5.6

29、million ha.11 billion cubic water has been saved. The introduction of PIM (Participatory Irrigation Management) has initiated the irrigation management reform in many irrigation districts. Water Users Associations (WUAs) were include in the design and implementation of the World Bank financed Yangtz

30、e Basin Water Resource Project starting from 1992.Since then, within nearly ten years, China has established more than 1000 WUAs in 19 provinces, 80irrigation districts. MWR has strongly supported the promotion of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). In some official documents of MWR, PIM has

31、been advocated. In the projects of rehabilitation construction and water-saving irrigation &yield-improvement in large and medium-scaled irrigation areas, PIM will be extended as one model of the institutional reform in irrigation.2、THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION (WSI)2.1 The Importance

32、of WSI WSI is very helpful to ameliorate water shortage problem. Recent years, more and more serious water shortage was witnessed due to population growth, living standard improvement, economic development and the continued drought in the north China. It is estimated that there is insufficient water

33、 supply in over400 cities out of the total 663 cities, taking 60%, and agriculture suffers from water shortage of 30 billion cubic meters per year. Drought influenced area has been increased from 20 million ha in 1980s to 26.7million ha recently. Consequently, food loss reaches 20 billion kg per yea

34、r. Water shortage has been realized as a main constraint factor to economic and social development. Due to the backward irrigation technologies and traditional flood irrigation habit, waste of water is seriously. Irrigation efficiency is only 0.43. Some researches and studies have shown that water r

35、esources potential can be tapped by using water efficiently and water management improvement. To satisfy increased irrigation area with current amount of water utilization level is a big challenge for China. WSI has been taken as a strategic measure to increase water productivity. WSI is necessary t

36、o ensure food security and water ecosystem in 21 century. Because of limited water and land resources, WSI is considerably taken as the revolutionary measure in irrigation development. Recent years, water environmental problems have emerged apparently. The pastures have been shrunk and sandstorm has

37、 frequently happened widely. As the biggest water user, agriculture must apply WSI to release water for environment protection purpose.2.2The Initiation of WSI In 1980s, the research on sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation was carried out in China and many pilot areas had been set up. Due to the

38、 unqualified quality of materials, high operation cost and low profits of grain product, it was hardly to popularize sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation system all over the country. In order to reduce water losses in conveyance, the research on technology of seepage control and its application

39、were taken in the northwestern areas. In 1990s, with the progresses of research and experiences, techniques on WSI such as shallow-wet irrigation in paddy areas, seepage control and pipe irrigation, have been widely popularized. In the 9 Five-year Plan (1996-2000), government has paid high attention

40、 on water-saving irrigation with significant investment. 300 key pilot counties on water saving& yield-improvement had been selected in whole country for promoting water-saving irrigation. Large-scale irrigation districts rehabilitation with consideration of water saving irrigation as a key task has

41、 been initiated since 1996.河北省水资源及其开发与利用目录中文摘要、关键词（1）英文摘要、关键词（1）1、 绪论 （1）1.1研究的目的和意义（2）1.2 研究内容 （2）1.3 研究技术路线 （2）2、河北省基本省情和水资源状况（3）2.河北省基本省情 （3）2.2 水资源特点 （4）2.3 水资源开发利用 （5）4、节水灌溉技术 （6）4.1 滴溉 （6）4.2 喷溉 （7）4.3 管灌 （8）5、 结论 （9）参考文献 （9）摘要 水资源紧缺是制约河北省经济社会发展的主要瓶颈，要缓解水资源供需矛盾，以水资源的可持续利用促进经济社会的发展，关键是要树立资源节约的观

42、念，全面节水型社会。农业是用水大户，也是节水潜力最大的行业。 本文从河北省水资源现状入手，深入分析了搞好农业节水工作在河北省经济社会发展中的重要地位，提出了农业节水的体系框架，全面分析了国内外农业节水的发展水平及我省农业节水中存在的问题，提出了河北省农业节水的指导思想、基本原则、农业用水需求和节水目标，提出了河北省发展农业节水的措施，有较强的应用性。关键词: 水资源 节水灌溉 研究AbstractWater shortage is restricting the Hebei Province of the mainbottlenecks in economic and social devel

43、opment, to ease thecontradictions in the supply and demand of water for sustainable use ofwater resources to promote economic and social development, the key isto establish the concept of saving resources, a comprehensivewater-saving society. Agriculture is the major water and water-savingpotential

44、of the largest industries.From the current situation of water resources in Hebei province. in-depth analysis of the agricultural water conservation work in Hebei economic and social development of the important position, a water-saving agricultural system framework, comprehensive analysis of domesti

45、c and international agricultural water conservation in the development of water-saving agricultural province and the problems that exist. the Hebei agricultural water conservation the guiding ideology, the basic principle, the demand for water for agricultural and water conservation goals, the Hebei

46、 agricultural development of water-saving measures, a strong application. Keyword: water resources, water-saving irrigation, research、1、绪论1. 1研究的目的和意义河北省是我国水资源十分缺乏的省份之一。全省多年平均降水量为541毫米。资源性缺水是造成河北省水资源供需矛盾十分突出的一个重要因素，而且水资源在地区内分布也很不均匀，各地降水量差别较大。且年际变化较大。多水年份与少水年份降水量相差悬殊。降水量年内分配也很不均匀，全年降水量的80%集中在69月。1995

47、年以来，全省水资源量呈明显减少趋势，由1995 年的281亿立方米下降到2003 年的153亿立方米;同样，由于入境水量的减少和河北省向北京、天津的稳定调水，全省水资源最大可利用量也呈明显减少趋势，由1995 年的310亿立方米下降到2003 年的145亿立方米，全省水资源供给能力持续下降。农业是河北省的用水大户，一直以来占总用水量的75%，到2003年，全省总用水量为199.8亿立方米。现状农业用水量为150.5亿立方米，占总用水量的75.3%;工业总用水量26.2亿立方米，占总用水量的13.1%;城乡居民生活及其他用水量为23.1亿立方米，占总用水量的11.6%。农业的超量用水使河北省的水

48、资源更加紧张。虽然水资源的丰枯变化很大，不同年份的供需状况有所不同，但对水资源供需状况进行分析，从中可看出，水资源不足已成为影响河北省经济社会发展的重大制约因素。河北省是农业大省，水利是农业的命脉，因此河北省农业用水效率必须提高。针对我省当前农业节水存在的问题，对全省农业节水进行深入研究，将对实现全省农业高效用水，促进水资源可持续利用和国民经济的可持续发展具有重要战略意义1.2、研究内容根据国内外的研究的现状及存在问题，本课题主要研究以下内容:1.21、研究分析河北省水资源现状和存在的问题;1.22、以水资源为制约条件，分析可能增加的玉米的产量，分析玉米最大潜力1.23、节水灌溉技术2、河北省概况