实用英语语法教程省略与替代课件.ppt

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1、第二十四章,省略与替代,1.,省略的种类,2.,替代的种类,3.,省略和替代关系,1.,省略的种类,1.1,对话中的省略,在对话中，问句通常用完全句，而答句用省略句（省略主语,、谓语或其他成分）。例如：,“Would you like to go for a walk?”,“,你想去散步吗？,”,“Yes,Id love to.”,“,是的，我想去散步。,”,“Is she going to school?”,“,她现在去上学吗？”,(1),在由,as,as if,if,no matter how,while,when,where,whether,though/although,once,un

2、less,until,等引导的状,语从句中，其谓语动词为,be,，且主语又与主句主语相同,时，该从句的主语和谓语动词,be,通常省略。例如：,He took a lot of photos while on a visit to Chicago.,在去芝加哥旅行时他照了许多照片。,When in doubt,do not hesitate to ask me.,要是有疑问，尽管来问我。,1.2,复合句中的省略,Your opinion,whether right or wrong,deserves our,attention.,无论正确与否，你们的意见都值得我们关注。,Although fri

3、ghtened,he tries to call the police when he,witnessed the accident.,尽管很害怕，但当他目击事故时还是报了警。,No artistic creation can achieve greatness if(it is),divorced from life.,如果脱离生活，任何艺术创造都不会伟大。,The stories will be very popular once(they are)put on TV.,一旦出现在电视上，这些故事将非常受欢迎。,Dont say anything unless asked.,除非有人问，不

4、要讲任何事。,While crossing the street,dont forget to look at the traffic,light.,过马路时，别忘记看交通指示灯。,Employees are encouraged to use their initiative if faced,with a problem.,员工如果遇到问题，鼓励他们自行决断。,(2),在以,than,as,引导的比较状语从句中，与主句相同的部分通,常被省略。例如：,The population of this area is many times more than(it is,large)fifteen

5、th years ago.,该地区的人口要比十五年前多许多倍。,Tom is now as diligent in his studies as he was(diligent)at,that time.,汤姆现在要比那时学习更勤奋了。,We should think more of others than(we think)of ourselves.,我们应该更多地想到他人，更少地想到自己。,I get up earlier than I ought to(get up).,我比应该起床的时间起得要早。,Susan can speak Spanish fluently than Jane(c

6、an speak).,苏珊得西班牙语比珍妮讲得流利。,(3),在宾语从句由,which,when,how,why,who,等疑问词引导,时，可只保留疑问词，省略其后的分句。例如：,He told me he would come,but I dont know when,(he would come).,他告诉我他来，但我不知道他什么时候来。,One of the Nobel Prize winners was a graduate of our,university,but I forgot which.,其中有一位诺贝尔获奖者是我们大学的毕业生，但我忘记,了是哪一位。,Someone ha

7、s borrowed my book,but I dont know who,(has borrowed it).,有人借了我的书，但我不知道是谁。,（,4,）定语从句中常省略作宾语的关系代词，在,way,（表方式,）,time,moment,后面的,that,也常省略。例如：,All(that)she said is very interesting,她说的一切都非常有趣。,The man(whom,that)you want to see has left.,你想见的人已经离开了。,Do you know the way(that)he dealt with the problem?,你知

8、道他处理这个问题的方法吗？,Her pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually,greater than the pleasure(that)she gets from the things,(that)she buys.,她大笔花钱所获得的乐趣实际上远远大于她所购买的东西给,她带来的乐趣。,1.3,并列句中的省略,（,1,）在以,and,、,but,、,or,连接的并列句中，后面分句中与前面,相同的部分常省略。例如：,Our new English teacher is young and(he is),.,knowledgeable.

9、,我们的新英语老师年轻而且学识渊博。,Many students can write English but(they)cant speak it,very well.,许多学生能写英语，却不能讲得很好。,Mary ordered an ice-cream,and Jack(ordered)a fruit juice.,玛丽要了一客冰激凌，杰克要了一杯果汁。,He majors in business and I(major)in English.,他的专业是商务，我是英语。,（,2,）在并列句中，第二句用,neither,、,either,、,not,、,so,、,too,可引起省略（,ne

10、ither,、,nor,、,so,同时也引起倒装）。,例如：,Tom doesnt like go skiing,and neither do I.,汤姆不喜欢滑雪，我也一样。,They are students,and so am I.,他们都是学生，我也是。,On holidays,she usually does some part-time job and I,do too.,在假期她经常作兼职工作，我也一样。,(3),在有表语结构的并列句中，后一个分句与前一个分句中相,同的部分通常可以省略。例如：,He is always ready to help others,but his t

11、win brother never,is.,他只是乐于助人，但他的双胞胎哥哥却不是这样。,Kunming is usually cool in the summer,but Nanjing rarely,is.,昆明夏天通常凉爽，但南京则不然。,(1),在,afford,hate,have,hope,intend,mean,need,plan,try,want,wish,would like/love,等动词后面，为了避免重复，将,其不定式符号,to,后的动词省略。例如：,“Will you have lunch with me today?”“Id love to,but Im,afraid

12、 I cannot.”,“你今天和我一起吃午饭好吗？”“我很愿意，但是恐怕不,行。”,“Have you been to Tibet before?”“No,but I want to.”,“你去过西藏吗？”“没有，但我想去。”,(2),在,be,have,need,ought to,used,be able,be,1.4,不定式符号,to,后面动词的省略,going,等助动词和情态动词后面的动词也可以省略。例如：,I am doing my homework now so that I wont have to on,holiday.,我正在做作业，这样我在假期里就不用做了。,“Do the

13、 Smiths live next door to you?”“No,but they used,to.”,“史密斯一家住在你隔壁吗？”“不，但他们曾经住过。,”,（,1,）名词的省略，例如：,He had two secretaries,one for interpretation,the other for,making appointments.,他有两位秘书，一位当翻译，另一位负责接待。,An hour in the morning is worth two(hours)in the evening.,一人之际在于晨。,This is(the way)how she managed t

14、o make it.,这就是她成功做到的方法。,1.5,词类的省略,Industry keeps the body healthy,the mind clear,the heart,whole,and the purse full.,勤勉可保持身体康健，头脑清晰，心理健全，钱包涨满。,Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and,writing an exact man.,读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。,The proof of gold is fire;the proof of woman,gold;the proof,o

15、f man,a woman.,检验黄金者炉火，检验女人者黄金，检验男人者女人。,（,2,）动词的省略，例如：,Henry seemed frustrated,and Robert certainly was,(frustrated).,亨利似乎很不顺心，而罗伯特真是这样了。（省形容词）,(Even)The best brewer sometimes makes bad beer.,即使最好的酿造家，有时也不免酿出坏啤酒。（省副词）,We adjusted(ourselves)very quickly to the new,environment.,我们很快就适应了新的环境。,（省代词）,She

16、 looks much younger than most women(of)her age.,（,3,）形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词、冠词等的,省略，例如：,她比大部分同龄女子看上去都年轻许多。,（省介词）,Or is divorce a fresh start,an opportunity for growth,(and),an occasion for courage?,或者说离婚是新的开端，是发展的机遇，是培养勇气的时机,。,（省连词）,When(the)host and(the)guest appeared,they received a,standing ovation.,宾主走

17、进来时大家都起立鼓掌。,（省冠词）,有些短语如,what if(,如果,该怎么办，即使,那又怎样,),，,why not,（为什么不），,how come,（为什么），,if only,（要,是,该多好），,to think(,没想到,),等已成为固定的短语。例,如：,What if he doesnt come?,如果他不来，那该怎么办？,What if it is true?,即使这是真的，又有什么关系？,How come you are late again?,1.6,习惯短语中的省略,你怎么又迟到了？,If only she would marry me!,但愿她肯嫁给我！,To th

18、ink I trusted him!,没想到我竟然相信了他。,2.,替代的种类,2.1,名词性替代,由,one/ones,the same,the kind,the sort,that(of),those(of),either,neither,some,all,both,any,enough,several,none,many,much,more,(the)most,(a)few,(a)little,another,the,other,others,等替代词替代句中的名词或名词词组。例如：,Are there any tickets left?I need some.,还有票吗？我需要一些。,

19、Chinese food isnt the same as the Italian kind.,中餐跟意大利餐是不同类的。,There are interesting books as well as monotonous ones in,the library.,这个图书馆既有有趣的书，也有乏味的书。,在名词性替代中要注意以下几点：,(1),当,one/ones,充当替代词时只能用来替代可数名词，不能用,来替代不可数名词。例如：,This case is a difficult one.,这件事很困难。,The students who do best in exams are not ne

20、cessarily,those(,或,the ones)with the best brains.,考试成绩最好的学生并不一定是脑子最灵的学生。,(2)the same,一般用来指物，可以替代名词词组、从句、形容,词词组或比较结构，以及上文所提及的一种情况。例如：,The company purchased a large amount of material.We,almost purchased the same.,这家公司购买了大量的原料，我们公司也购买了几乎相同的,数量。,We can trust Jane.I think I could say the same of her,hus

21、band.(=that we can trust her husband.),我们相信简。我想她丈夫也值得信任。,These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had.They,taste the same.(=as sour as the last ones we had),这些苹果和我们吃过的一样是酸的，它们尝起来味道一样。,(3)one,和,that,作替代词的区别,one,可替代人或物，且,one,只能替代可数名词；而,that,只能代,替物，既可以替代可数名词也可以替代不可数名词。例如：,I want a photograph o

22、f you.Would you give me one?,我要一张你的照片，给我一张好吗？,A successful company is one that is both effective and,efficient.,一家成功的公司既有成效又有效率。,The novel is as moving as the one(that)I read last month.,这本小说和我上月看的一样感人。,The water here is fresher than that there.,这儿的水比那儿的新鲜。,2.2,动词性替代：,由,do,do so/do it/do that,等动词替代句

23、中的主动词及其补,足语。例如：,Sandy sings English songs better than she does(sings),Chinese songs.,We can trust Jane.I think I could say the same of her,husband.(=that we can trust her husband.),我们相信简。我想她丈夫也值得信任。,These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had.They,taste the same.(=as sour as the last ones

24、we had),这些苹果和我们吃过的一样是酸的，它们尝起来味道一样。,(3)one,和,that,作替代词的区别,one,可替代人或物，且,one,只能替代可数名词；而,that,只能代,替物，既可以替代可数名词也可以替代不可数名词。例如：,I want a photograph of you.Would you give me one?,辛蒂的英文歌要比中文歌唱得好。,The children are playing hide and seek.We watch them,doing that but they want us to do so,too.,孩子们在玩捉迷藏的游戏。我们看着他们

25、玩，但他们想我,们也参加。,She didnt go shopping last weekend,neither/nor did I.,她上个周末没有去购物，我也没去。,My brother likes hiking,so do I.,我的兄弟喜欢徒步旅行，我也一样。,用,so/not,替代整个分句或分句中不是很明确的含义，常见搭配,有：,I am afraid so/not,I think(believe,expect,fear,guess,hope,suppose,imagine etc.)so/not,if so/not,why not,perhaps not,possibly not,

26、probably not,certainly not,surely,not,等。,I dont alter the plan;but Peter might have done so(altered,the plan).,我没有改变计划，但彼得也许改了。,2.3,分句性替代：,Helen has got a job in your school.She told me so last,night.,海伦在你们学校找到了一份工作，这是她昨天晚上告诉我的,。,Are you free this evening?If so,lets have dinner.,晚上有空，我们去吃顿饭。,Is anyb

27、ody feeling cold?If not,lets put the central heating,off.,有谁感到冷吗？如果没有，就把暖气关掉。,“Do you mind doing me a favor?”,“你帮我一个忙，介意吗,？”,“Surely not.”“,当然不（介意）。,”,“Do you want to join us in camping?”,“,你愿意和,我们一起去野营吗？,”,“Why not?”“,为什么不呢？,”,“The German team will win the game.”“All my friends say,so.”,“德国队会赢”“我的朋

28、友都这么说。”,You are a model of tact.,你是个足智多谋的代表人物。,I dont think so./I think not./I dont suppose so./I suppose,not./Maybe not./Probably not.,我看不见得。,替代是用替代词来取代与上文重复的部分，省略则是把与,上文重复的地方省掉。两者都是避免重复和使语言简洁的,手段。相对于省略而言替代的用法比较正式，不过两者在,性质上是相通的，在实际运用中关系相当的密切，甚至有,时可以交替使用。例如：,He is doing more exercises than he used t

29、o.,他锻炼得比过去多。（省略）,He is doing more exercises than he used to do.,He is doing more exercises than he used to do.,他锻炼得比过去多。（替代）,3.,省略和替代关系,练习答案与解析,1.C would like,引导的问句答语用,would like to,或,would,love to,，且,to,不能省略。,2.A have to,后面的宾语和主句宾语相同，可以省略。,3.D,主语和动词相同，省略主语和动词。,4.A,口语中省略,do you,。,5.B,祈使句省略主语的用法。,6.C

30、,因从句的主语仍是,brain,，故可以省略，,brain,和,deprive,是动宾关系，,应用过去分词，,be deprived of,又是,固定搭配，,故选,C,。,7.D,因主语和,scold,是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。,when scolded=when he was scolded,。,8.B performed,是,it is performed,的省略形式。,9.C unless invited,是,unless she is invited,的省略形式。,10.D than,her mother does,的省略形式。,11.B,考查,notuntil“,直到,才,”,的

31、用法。,12.D,空处,corrected,是,will have been carefully corrected,的,省略形式，避免重复。,13.C,从句中省略了,it was,。,14.A as if,好像，可以连接一个句子，此处省略主语和谓,语动词。,15.C,动词后有插入语时，后面宾语从句的引导词,that,不能,省略。此句有插入语,I believe,。,16.A,代替单数可数名词表泛指时用,one,。,17.C,根据句意选,if not,，,if not,是常见的省略形式。,18.B forget,后面省略不定式后的动词，但,to,不能省略。,19.C so,代替肯定的回答。,2

32、0.A does,可代替主语为第三人称单数的动词。,21.A,用,which,即可表达句子的意思，此处为省略,。,22.B,因代替的动词为实义动词故选,B,。本句还应注意,no,lessthan,的用法，此句中,give no less revealing an,insight into sth than.,表示“对某事提出的深刻见解并不亚,于,”,。另：,than do the major issues of the last century,是比较从句的倒装结构。,23.D,替代特指的复数名词，选,those,。,24.C,省略动词，保留不定式符号,to,。,25.A,代替不可数名词，用,that,。,