第28章严重创伤病人的麻醉课件.ppt
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1、严,重,创,伤,病,人,的,麻,醉,Anesthesia for Severe Trauma patient,课堂教学设计,?,教学目标:如何做好严重创伤病人的麻醉,?,教学重点:严重创伤病人的麻醉选择,!,(掌握),?,教学难点:严重创伤病人的病情估计(掌握),?,教学内容:,第一节,严重创伤病人的病情估计与病情特点,第二节,严重创伤病人的麻醉特点,第三节,麻醉前急救及治疗,第四节,麻醉处理原则,第五节,几种常见严重创伤病人的麻醉处理,第六节,术后并发症的防治(自学),?,教学安排,1,、课堂教学设计,5,分钟,2,、麻醉医师在严重创伤病人中的作用,5,分钟,3,、严重创伤病人的病情估计,2
2、0,分钟,4,、严重创伤病人的病情特点和麻醉特点,10,分钟,5,、,麻醉前急救及治疗,10,分钟,6,、,麻醉处理原则,20,分钟,7,、,几种常见严重创伤病人的麻醉处理,7,分钟,8,、,术后并发症的防治,(课后自学),9,、小结,3,分钟,第一节课完,第二节课完,?,教学形式,1,,启发、互动式,2,,举,例,3,,讨,论,一、引,言,Introduction,1,每年,10,万多中国人死于严重创伤,1,More than,100,000,Chinese die from,traumatic causes each year,2,死亡原因排位第四,仅次于心脏疾病、癌症和脑血管,疾病。,2
3、,Injury ranks as leading cause of,death in China,following heart disease,cancer,and cerebrovascular disease.,the fourth,3,麻醉医师在创伤病人救治中的角色,4,Potential role of the anesthesiologist,in the care of a trauma patient,(1),创伤队成员,Trauma team member,(2),创伤队领导,Trauma team leader,(4),急救医生,Critical care physicia
4、n,(5),疼痛治疗医生,Pain relief physician,(6),院前治疗医生,Prehospital care physician,(7),急救治疗转运医生,Critical care transport physician or director,(8),灾难计划顾问,Disaster planning consultant,(,3),麻醉医师,Anesthesiologist,二、讲授内容,Content,第一节,第一个部分,严重创伤病人病情严重程度的评估,Preoperative evaluation of the illness state severity,in tra
5、uma patients,注意事项,points for attention,(一)术前评估的目的,Purpose of Preoperative Assessmemt,用最小的风险纠正外科病理改变,To permit correction of the surgical pathology,with the minimum of risk to the patient.,目的,计划,效果,(二),严重创伤病人病情危重来自两个方面,Severity of illness state from two aspects,创始性原因,Trauma causes,非创伤性原因,None Trauma
6、causes,创伤评分,闭合性颅脑损伤,的伤情评分,CRAMS,评分,生命器官功能不全的评估,ASA,分级,?,RTS,评分,(三),GCS,评分,?,睁眼,Eye opening,自,主,4,Spontaneous 4,对声音,3 To voice 3,对疼痛,2 To pain 2,无反应,1 None 1,?,语言反应,Verbal responses,方向感清晰,5 Oriented 5,方向感不清,4 Confused 4,不合适言语,3 Inappropriate words 3,不能理解的言语,2 Incomprehensible words 2,无反应,1 None 1,?,运
7、动反应,Motor response,服从指令,6 Obeys command 6,能确定疼痛的位置,5 Localizes pain 5,对疼痛刺激能躲避,4 Withdraws(pain)4,对疼痛刺激屈曲,3 Flexion(pain)3,对疼痛刺激伸展,2 Extension(pain)2,无反应,1 None 1,(,四,),改,良,式,创,伤,评,分,Revised trauma score(RTS),RTS,收缩压,Systolic blood pressure,呼吸频率,Respiratory rate,格拉斯哥昏迷记分法,Glasgow Coma Scale,?,呼吸频率,R
8、espiratory rate,10-29,次,/,分钟,4 10-29/min 4,29,次,/,分钟,3 29/min 3,6-9,次,/,分钟,2 6-9/min 2,1-5,次,/,分钟,1 1-5/min 1,无呼吸,0 None 0,权重,0.2908,Weight 0.2908,?,收缩压,Systolic blood pressure,=89 mmHg 4,76-89 mmHg 3,50-75 mmHg 2,1-49 mmHg 1,No pulse 0,Weight 0.7326,?,Glasgow Coma Scale,13-15 4,9-12 3,6-8 2,4-5 1,3
9、 0,Weight 0.9368,分,值,范,围,0-7.84,Number range 0-7.84,?,SBP x Wgt+RR x Wgt+GCS x Wgt=RTS,?,Lower score more serious injury,(五)严重创伤病人生命器官功能不全的评估,Evaluation of Vital Organ Function,Deficiency in Tauma Patient,?,心脏功能估计,Heart fuction,?,肺功能估计,Lung fuction,?,肝功能估计,Liver fuction,?,肾功能估计,kidney fuction,?,失血量的
10、估计,!,Blood loss volume,?,失血量估计,Blood loss volume evaluation,1,失血、失液量估计和血容量的补充是严重创伤病人术前,(,preoperation),、术中,(intraoperation),及术后,(postoperation),处理的重点问题,(focal points),!,损伤程度,injury level,损伤部位,injury site,病人临床表现,Clinical manifestation,实验检查,Laboratory inspection,血压,blood,pressure,2,失血量,Blood loss volu
11、me,部位,site,中度损伤,moderate,injury,重度损伤,severe,injury,上肢,upper limbs,500,1000,小腿,shank,500,2000,大腿,thigh,1000,3500,骨盆,pelvis,1000,4000,腹部,abdomen,1000,5000,胸部,chest,1000,4000,3,Changes in vital signs with percent blood,volume lost by hemorrhage(,出血,),volume lost 40%,Heart rate,120 120 140,Systolic bloo
12、d pressure,Normal Normal Decreased Decreased,Capillary refill,Normal Delayed Delayed to absent absent,Respiratory rate,14-20 20-30 30-40 35,CNS-mental status,Anxious More anxious anxious and confused confused to,lethargic,血容量大约占体重的,?%,?,4,严重骨盆骨折失血量可高达,4000ml,以上,5,失血量达全身血容量,15%,以下时,可仅输平衡液,.,6,急性失血量超过
13、全身血容量,30%,时,机体难以代偿,.,举例,Patient example,?,25-year old man,60kg,unhelmeted(,头盔,)motorcycle,rider,struck by truck:subdural hematoma(,硬膜下血,肿,)=100,crushed pelvis(,骨盆骨折,).Presented to,emergency room with blood pressure 80/40,heart rate,135/min,delayed capillary refill,respirations 30/min,opens eyes to p
14、ain,no verbal response,withdraws all,four extremities from pain.,?,你准备从哪些方面来评估这位创伤病人的病情,?,?,你评估的结果如何,?,Score,?,ASA 4E,?,GCS 7(2+1+4),?,TS 9,?,RTS 4.96(3x0.7326+3x0.2908+2x0.9368),?,CRAMS 4,?,Blood volume lost by hemorrhage:900-1200ml,第二部分,严重创伤病人的病情特点,State of an illness characteristic of,severe trau
15、ma patients,病情特点,State of an illness characteristic,紧急,!,Emergency,严重,!,Severe,复杂,!,Complication,疼痛剧烈,!,Severe Pain,饱,胃,!,Full,stomach,第二节,严重创伤病人的麻醉特点,Anesthesia characteristic,?,不能耐受深麻醉,(deep anesthesia),病情,+,麻醉方法和麻醉药物,?,难以配合麻醉,疼痛,严重循环障碍,-,烦躁不安,局部麻醉,(local anesthesia),、神经阻滞,(nerve,block),和硬膜外麻醉,(ep
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