冻干蒜片加工技术与控制硕士毕业论文.doc
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1、大蒜的加工利用现状及其冻干脱水蒜片的加工技术与质量控制陶华君(农产品加工与贮藏工程) 指导教师:陈一资中文摘要: 本文探讨了大蒜的加工利用现状及其冻干脱水蒜片的加工技术与质量控制。本文概述了大蒜的资源优势及大蒜在加工利用中存在的问题。长期以来,大蒜多以出口蒜头为主,大蒜加工也仅限于腌制、切片、烘干等简单水平,品种单一,科技含量低,附加值低。从实际出发,大蒜加工企业的最好出路是:在现有蒜片、蒜粉、蒜粒加工技术的基础上,加大科技投入,采用先进工艺,引进先进设备,改传统的烘干、热风干燥等工艺为先进的微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥等工艺,从而提高蒜片、蒜粉等产品的质量,增加产品附加值。FD(真空冷冻干燥, f
2、reeze-drying、简称冻干)是目前国际上最先进的食品保鲜加工技术之一。通过FD获得的冻干食品与其它干制食品相比,存在着诸多方面的优势。本文采用FD工艺,以中牟大白蒜晚熟品种为原料,采用国产辐射加热型冻干机设备,对蒜片的冻干工艺作以探讨,以求冻干蒜片的加工工艺更加合理,产品质量更加稳定。冻干蒜片在国际上的市场前景十分广阔,不仅需求量大,而且价格高昂。尽管冻干蒜片工艺生产成本高、设备价格较昂贵,但其售价也高,且冻干蒜片在产品质量上具备诸多方面的优势。在中牟当地加工生产冻干蒜片,不仅原料充足、品质好,而且成本低廉、利润高。按每6鲜蒜加工1t 冻干蒜片计,每t可实现增值0.881.55万元,直
3、接进入国际市场甚至可增值1.96万元/t。如果全县25万t商品蒜能全部实现就地转化,则可以增收2.203.87亿元甚至4.90亿元人民币。这不但能拉长产品增值链,提高产品附加值,而且还能为当地增加许多就业岗位,提供许多就业机会,其经济效益和社会效益都十分显著。这也正是本文的研究目的所在。本文概述了真空冷冻干燥的理论基础、真空冷冻干燥的设备组成、真空冷冻干燥的产品特点以及真空冷冻干燥法生产脱水蒜片的市场前景。本文探讨了冻干蒜片的生产工艺。结果表明,采用冷冻干燥,可使蒜片的品质最佳化。冻干蒜片的最佳工艺条件是:蒜片厚度15 mm,料盘内料层厚度10 mm,预冻速率065/min,升华干燥压强666
4、5 Pa(500 Hg),冷冻干燥时间12,前期加热温度10090,后期加热温度6050。本文概述了HACCP(危害分析与关键控制点,Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point、简称HACCP)体系、实施HACCP体系的前提条件、HACCP体系的基本原理以及CCP(关键控制点,Critical Control Point、简称CCP)的确定方法。本文探讨了HACCP体系在冻干蒜片生产中的应用。通过对冻干蒜片生产过程的危害分析,可以确定出FD蒜片的CCP有两个:一是原料收购,二是浸泡清洗。收购原料时拒收无“生产基地安全管理合格证明”的原料,拒收“卫生检验
5、报告书”中有不合格检测项目的原料;浸泡清洗时应控制消毒液浓度150/、浸泡时间10min。通过对这两个关键步骤的控制,可以确保FD蒜片的安全质量。关键词:利用现状;蒜片;冷冻干燥;加工工艺;质量控制Production Technology and Quality Control of FD Garlic Sliceby Using ZhongMu-GarlicTAO HuaJun (Farm Produce Process and Store Engineering)Directed by CHEN YiZiAbstract: In this paper, the current situa
6、tion, production technology and quality control of FD(freeze-drying) garlic slice in ZhongMu were described.The advantaged resource and problems in the using of production of ZhongMu-garlic are described in this paper.The main exports of ZhongMu-garlic have been garlic bulb for a long time.The ways
7、of garlic productions are only:preserved in salt,cut into slice and drying.These ways are simple,the technology is low and the additional volue is low too.In fact, the best ways of the companies,which take up the production of ZhongMu-garlic,are basing on the production of garlic slice, garlic powde
8、r and garlic granule,putting into much technology,taking advanced skills,bring in the new equipments,changing the traditional ways of microwave-drying and freeze-drying.By this means we can improve the quility of garlic slice,garlic powder and so on,and can add to the additional value.FD is one of t
9、he best ways of keeping food fresh in the international at present.There are more advantages in FD than in other ways of drying food.In this paper,it takes the way of FD ,basing on the late-riped ZhongMu-garlic and taking the radiative FD equipments which made in China,to discuss the FD technology a
10、nd to make the FD technology more reasonable,the quality of productions more stable.The FD garlic slice has a broad foreground,the productions are needed a lot and the price is high. Even though the FD technology and equipments cost too much,the selling price is still high and the quality of FD garl
11、ic slice still has many advantages.In ZhongMu,the corporation process FD garlic slice,the materials will be enough and the quality is good,besides,the costs are low,the profit is high.If 6t fresh garlics are processed 1t FD garlic slice,every ton fresh garlic can gain 0.881.55 ten thousand yuan,if t
12、hey go into the international market directly,it can even gain 1.96 ten thousand yuan.If the 250 ten thousand tons merchandise garlic be transformed in the local place,it can gain 2.203.87 or even 4.90 hundred million yuan RMB.What I mentioned above not only can increase the production additional va
13、lue,but also can add to many job posts,offer many job opportunities,so both the economic benefit and society benefit are very evident.This is the aim to what I study in this paper.In this paper, the theory and the basic equipments of FD technology,the product character and the market foreground of F
14、D garlic slice were summarized.The technology of FD garlic slice was studied in this paper. The result showed that garlic slice quality was optimized by using the freeze-drying. Optimum freeze drying condition was : garlic slice thickness 1.5 mm,raw material thickness in the tray 10 mm,precool rate
15、39/(065/min), freeze drying pressure 66.65 Pa(500 Hg), freeze drying time 12 h,earlier stage temperature 10090, later stage temperature 6050.HACCP(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point)system,the premise condition of carrying out HACCP system,the basic theory and the method of fixing on CCP(Cri
16、tical Control Point) was summarized in this paper.The using of HACCP system in producing FD garlic slice was discussed in this paper.Through analyzing disadvantage of process,we can make sure there are two CCP of FD garlic slice:the first is material purchasing,the second is soak cleaning. When purc
17、hase the material,we refuse to accept the material which has no “Produce-Base Safety Supervisal Eligibility Pass” and material which has no pass checking “Health Checking Report”.When we marinated and cleaned out we should control the sterilizing-liquid consistence 150/,time of it 10min.Through the
18、controling of two pivotal steps,we can make sure of the safe quality of FD garlic slice. Keywords: Garlic slice, Freeze Drying, Production technology, Quality control1 前言11 大蒜加工利用现状111 大蒜简介大蒜是百合科葱植物蒜的鳞茎。目前,我国的大蒜种植面积400余万亩,约占亚洲总面积的1/2,世界总面积的1/3。河南地处中原,有得天独厚的大蒜种植优势和大蒜资源;近5年来,河南种植大蒜面积均在90万亩以上,年产鲜蒜90万吨左
19、右 1 。尤其大蒜自1980年由河南省科学院生物研究所与中牟县外贸公司联合培育成功后,大蒜的种植面积和大蒜产量逐年提高,目前,中牟全县20个乡镇均有大蒜种植,其中韩寺、官渡、大孟、刘集、东漳、万滩、狼城岗、城关等乡镇已形成规模种植。全县大蒜种植面积30多万亩,占全县耕地总面积的1/3,大蒜已成为中牟经济的支柱产业。中牟县是全国闻名的大蒜生产基地。它地处中原腹地,郑汴之间,气候温和,光照充分,土壤肥沃,土质以黄河水淤灌的沙粘土为主,富含大蒜生长所必需的钙、磷、铁等物质,无污染源,极适宜大蒜生长;且农民历年来多用农家肥,少用化肥,不用农药,所产大蒜无病变、无污染、个头大、品质好,是纯天然的绿色食品
20、2。大蒜不仅以其品质优良、营养丰富、肉粘味香、辣味适中的特点和较高的药用价值、营养价值享誉中外,还以其个大、皮白、瓣匀、不破碎、耐贮运等优点备受国内外客商青睐。近5年来,大蒜出口量占总产量的70以上,出口合格率均在95以上。正是由于中牟具有种植大蒜的各种优势,大蒜才能获准使用“中国星火计划名优产品”及“中牟大白蒜”注册商标;大蒜才能在马来西亚国际食品博览会上获得金奖;中牟才被国家列为全国优质大蒜出口基地;大蒜才会成为我国第一批不经其它国家转手而直接进入欧盟市场的出口大蒜;中牟蒜农才能拿到欧盟对中国农产品GAP(优良农产品)认证的首张认证证书3。据悉,GAP认证是欧洲零售商协会制定的优良农产品标
21、准,要求指标极为苛刻,对种子、土壤、肥料、农药、灌溉水质、作物保护及收获、晾哂、挑选、包装、废弃物处理等多个环节的250多项指标都有严格的规定。继2003年韩寺镇郭庄村的30亩大蒜可以乘“直通车”进入欧盟超市后,2004年韩庄村的90亩大蒜又拿到了GAP认证证书。可以说,大蒜直接出口欧盟的“星星之火”已呈“燎原之势”4。仅凭大蒜能够通过250多项极为苛刻的指标检测而拿到欧盟GAP认证证书,大蒜的优良品质可见一斑。又悉,获得GAP认证的大蒜正以每吨高出国内市场价140240元的价格进入欧盟市场。112 大蒜加工利用中存在的问题尽管大蒜品质优良,尽管大蒜能够通过250多项极为苛刻的指标检测而拿到不
22、经其它国家转手而直接进入欧盟市场的GAP认证的首张认证证书,但毋庸赘言,大蒜在加工利用中也存在着不少问题。(1)储运加工模式不合理,贮藏保鲜力度不够多年来,大蒜一直以出口蒜头为主,且大蒜成熟季节性较强,一时大蒜外运受阻,就会导致蒜价猛跌,蒜农的经济利益就会受到严重损害。2003年5月,由于“非典”原因,限制了人员的流动,河南中牟的蒜农们大量雇人抢收的场面不见了,到中牟运蒜拉货的车水马龙的场面不见了,曾获马来西亚国际食品博览会金奖的大蒜一下子滑到了“谷底”,人民日报等多家媒体以“河南中牟:大蒜掉价一斤一毛钱”为题报导了此事5。(2)加工企业及经纪人队伍存在小、散、乱现象目前,中牟的大蒜加工企业存
23、在着小、散、乱现象,大规模、强带动性的加工企业少,且各自的销售渠道单一,风险很大。各加工企业或出口经纪人为争夺市场,不惜成本,竟相压低出口价格,并导致某些国家对来自中牟的大蒜产品征收高额限制性关税,严重影响着大蒜产业的发展6。1999年,由于大蒜的主要出口国韩国实行贸易壁垒保护,对从河南进口的大蒜产品征收315的高额关税,致使大蒜出口销售受阻,在当年大蒜丰收的情况下收入却很低,使全县蒜农为此损失了几千万元的收入7。(3)缺乏高附加值产品,新产品开发后劲不足长期以来,大蒜多以出口蒜头为主,大蒜加工也仅限于腌制、切片、烘干等简单水平,品种单一,科技含量低,附加值低。由于缺乏技术和设备,大蒜的加工增
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