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1、Bridging the gap between gender and transport (Chapter 1)By Priyanthi Fernando & Gina PorterThis book is about women, gender and transport. When the case studies that form the main part of this book were commissioned, there were only a few pioneering studies on the subject (notably Doran 1990, Bryce
2、son and Howe 1993, Malmberg Calvo 1994a). Transport professionals were mainly concerned about how transport infrastructure, mainly road networks and feeder roads, could be efficiently and cost effectively constructed and maintained. The emphasis for poverty eradication was on reducing isolation and
3、improving peoples access to goods and services. There was a general assumption that if infrastructure was provided, transport services would follow, peoples mobility would improve and they would be able to travel and access goods and services easily. The discussion has since moved on. It is now reco
4、gnised that mobility is crucial for accessing goods and services and that roads are simply not enough (Dawson and Barwell 1993). The transport sector is paying greater attention to the need to stimulate transport services, particularly in rural areas of the lower income countries, and is more consci
5、ous of the need to enable rural people to have and use transport technologies, particularly the more affordable intermediate means of transport Intermediate means of transport or IMTs as they are often called are those transport technologies that fall between walking and four wheeled motorised trans
6、port such as cars and trucks. They include pack animals, animal carts, bicycles, rickshaws, motorcycles, three wheeled scooters etc. ( Malmberg Calvo 1994b, Barwell 1996 , Starkey 2000) Gender, however, has not been fully mainstreamed into either the infrastructure debate or the debate on rural tran
7、sport services and IMTs. Agencies promoting labour based road construction and maintenance as a means of creating employment and incomes have made an effort to increase womens participation in labour based activities. There are a number of pilot projects and several guidelines, toolkits and the like
8、 that encourage transport sector professionals to develop more gender sensitive transport interventions (Booth et al, 2000). But, despite evidence (mostly from sub-Saharan Africa) that women and men in rural households have responsibility for different transport tasks; that women often carry a heavi
9、er burden in terms of time and effort spent on transport, and that with less access and control over resources, they have less opportunities than men to use transport technologies that could alleviate their burden, gender issues are still peripheral to much of rural transport policy and practice (Si
10、banda, 2001).While transport professionals have taken little account of gender, issues of access and mobility have been marginalised in much of the discourse on gender and development. Gender analysts, focusing on gender roles, resources and relations, have rarely considered in detail the role that
11、improved transport plays in providing women with the resources to meet their practical needs (for example, enabling them to fulfil their responsibilities for water and firewood collection). Few have looked at how improving access and increasing mobility can address more strategic gender issues. Wome
12、ns transport burden contributes to womens time poverty. Lack of time is a key constraint to women building up their assets and reducing their vulnerability. By reducing womens transport burden, development interventions can increase their productivity and incomes and enhance their assets; they can a
13、lso have more time to rest, to enjoy social life, to participate in community activities. Increasing womens mobility can empower women to take greater control of their lives by increasing their access to markets and their exposure to education, training and information, and by providing more opportu
14、nities for their political participation. The case studies in this book aim to support the dialogue between transport and gender professionals. Written by individuals on both sides of the divide, they use a gender perspective to look at a range of transport issues in a variety of locations. Mainly t
15、hey are about women, poor women in rural and urban communities, and how transport and transport interventions affect their lives. Through their diverse experiences we are able to develop some insights into how gender relations and the gender division of labour influence women and mens transport need
16、s and patterns and their access to and use of transport infrastructure and technologies. Their stories also illustrate how transport provision (or lack of it) impacts on their lives. We hope that this will add to the growing body of knowledge which both transport professionals and gender specialists
17、 can use in their work. The rest of this chapter gives a background to the methodology of the research programme that generated the case studies and highlights some of the key issues arising from the selection of case studies in this book.The research programmeThe research programme used a small amo
18、unt of funds from the UK Department for International Development and initiated an innovative research/training/capacity building approach that provided a somewhat unusual means of gathering a wide spread of data over a short period and in diverse settings. Potential participants were identified thr
19、ough a variety of means, but in particular through the international and national networks of the International Forum for Rural Transport and Development. They were invited to submit broad ideas for a small piece of original in-country research on gender and transport which could be completed in six
20、 months within a modest budget of $1000. Those who submitted proposals were invited to a one-week workshop early in 1998 (Kampala for Africa, Calcutta for Asia).This preliminary workshop was crucial to the development of the individual case studies. Participants at the workshops worked with each oth
21、er and with facilitators to help shape the research design for their study. Through a series of preliminary briefings by facilitators, followed by small group sessions (where groups were mixed by country, academic background and gender) and then by group and individual presentations, each researcher
22、 identified and refined their research questions and developed specific activities needed to obtain answers to those questions. They decided on the methods they would employ, the time-table for the research and the format for their final presentation. Following completion of the research, the partic
23、ipants prepared their results for presentation and discussion at a regional seminar (held in Sri Lanka in June 1999 for Asia participants and in South Africa in July 1999 for Africa participants). In particular, they were asked to consider the implications of their results for the preparation of gui
24、delines for people involved in rural transport - communities, practitioners and policy makers. The regional seminars, to which 150 policy makers and practitioners were also invited, gave project participants an opportunity to reflect on the results of their own research in its broader regional conte
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