【英语论文】女性语言文体特征female language(英文).doc
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1、Contents摘要. Abstract.1. Introduction.12.The Characteristics of Female Language.22.1 Pronunciation and Intonation .22.2 Vocabulary .42.3 Grammar.62.4 Conversation Topics.83. The Interpretation of the FemaleLanguage Characteristics.103.1 Physiological and Psychological Factors .103.2 Cultural Factors.
2、113.3 Social Factors.123.4 Educational Factors.124. The Developments and Changes of Female Language.154.1 Degradation of Sexual Discrimination in Language. 154.2 Social Effect of Female Language164.3 Changes in Womens Style of Speech.195. The Reasons for the Changes in Female Language.246. Conclusio
3、n.27Bibliography.28Acknowledgements 1Introduction The existence and development of language are intended to meet the needs of communication in society. People in different social groups have their own special languages. In the English-speaking countries, we can discover that female language always s
4、hows some interesting and external features of the language consciously or unconsciously in the course of language communication. With the rise of feminism and the continuous improvement of female social status, a great of changes have taken place in female language. These changes are closely linked
5、 with the development of society. So the research of female language is a subject very worthy to be studied. This paper attempts to discuss the characteristics and some new changes of female language and analyzes the reason of this phenomenon from the social, cultural and educational, etc. aspects.
6、2The Characteristics of Female LanguageFemale language has its own features. The following part will focus on pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, grammar and topics to make a brief analysis.2.1 Pronunciation and Intonation 2.1.1 Pronunciation Phonological differences between men and women have be
7、en noticed in varieties of languages. Womens pronunciation sounds more accurate than mens. In English-speaking countries, womens pronunciation is closer to Standard English Pronunciation than mens. When we read “-ing”, generally women can pronounce the accurate back nasal consonant /i/. But a consid
8、erable number of men become more accustomed to pronounce front nasal consonant /in/. In Australia, the English with Australian-accented is not usually considered Standard English. After investigation, researchers come to the conclusion that women are far less often than men when they speak the nonst
9、andard English. The reason is that more women pay attention to the accuracy of pronunciation than men, which is an important mark of their identity and culture for women. In the northeast Asian language, Yukaghir, women have /ts/ and /dz/ where men have /tj/ and /dj/. In Bengali men often substitute
10、 /l/ for /n/ but women do not do this. Likewise, in a Siberian language, Chukchi, men, but not women, often drop /n/ and /t/ when they occur between vowels, e.g. female nitvaqenat and male nitvaqeat. 2.1.2 Intonation Generally speaking, womens intonation is higher than mens, which is caused by physi
11、ological factors in fact. Womens vocal cords are longer than men, so their pronunciation frequency is higher. However, people often consider the high pitch is connected with womens cowardice and unsteady emotion. The range of intonation variety is large, which is another distinctive feature. Women a
12、re good at using the various intonations to express their feelings. Lakoff says that women may answer a question with a statement that employs the rising intonation pattern usually associated with a question rather than the falling intonation associated with making a firm statement. And women are us
13、ually inclined to be tactful and gentle and often use low rising intonation at the end of sentences, which seems to show that they lack of confidence and seek the opinions of the others. In contrast, men usually like using high falling intonation at the end of the sentences, so their intonation soun
14、ds resolute and affirmative. For example, when speaking the following sentence, men and women may use different intonations. I wish youd try it.Men: . - .Women: . - . / . Men usually speak ending with a high falling intonation and their tones are strongly firm. However, women will use the low rising
15、 intonation to end their speech and their tone is more moderate than mens. Besides, women used to answer questions with rising intonation to express that their views is not a verdict and they are willing to listen to others views. Such as: Husband: “when will dinner be ready?” Wife: “oh around six o
16、clock?” The wife is the only one to know the answer. But she used an intonation with consulting meaning Will that do?” Of course, we can not get rid of her uncertain possibility.2.2 VocabularySpecial feminine vocabulary in English that man may not, dare not and will not use. Women like talking about
17、 things exaggeratedly, so they like using the exaggerated adjectives and adverbs and other words to emphasize the point.2.2.1 Extravagant Adjectives Women in United States and Britain like using some exaggerated adjectives frequently, like “adorable, divine, gorgeous, charming, and lovely” and so on
18、. But men seldom use these words. “What a divine idea!” Its manifestly out of a females mouth. But men will say “what a terrific idea!”2.2.2 Intensified Adverbs Such as “so, much, quite, terribly”, etc. women use these words more frequently than men. For example, women would say, “It was so interest
19、ing!”, “It was terribly cold!” But men often use “very, really” to intensify their tones. 2.2.3 Accurate Colour Words Women are good at portraying color accurately in comparison with the men. Furthermore, they can use some unusual color vocabulary such as “mauve, magenta, beige, and lavender” and so
20、 on. When facing a light purple skirt, woman cannot help speaking, “Its a beautiful lavender skirt!”2.2.4 Interjection Interjections used by women are more cautious and implicit than men. When using cursing words, women are usually more cautious and implicit. Some filthy words or phrases such as “Go
21、d damn it!”, “Damn”, “Fuck you!”, “Fuck you Charley!”, “Shit” etc. often appear in mens speech. In contrast, women often use “Oh, dear!”, “Oh, God!”, “God bless me!”, “My God!”, “Great God!”, “God” etc. to express their anger or surprise. For instance, men and women have different reactions when the
22、y face the scene of putting peanut butter in a wrong place. Female: “oh dear. Youve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. ” Male: “shit, youve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.”From these two sentences we can see that men and women also felt unhappy about putting peanut but
23、ter in the refrigerator again, but the expressions they used are different. The men used the rude word “shit”, but the woman used “oh dear” to express her dissatisfaction. This just shows the graceful feature of female language. 2.2.5 Diminutives English women will sometimes say “birdie” instead of
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