中子与物质的相互作用课件.ppt
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1、第四讲 射线与物质的相互作用(4),Radiation Interactions with Matter,中子与物质的相互作用,A.Spontaneous Fission 自发裂变源1)The most common spontaneous fission source is 252Cf;2)Half-time:2.65y;3)the dominant decay mechanism is decay;4)the energy spectrum of neutrons is plotted in fig.1-10.,1 Neturon Source,Several different targ
2、et materials can lead to(,n)reactions for the alpha particle energies which are readily available in radioactive decay.The maximum neutron yield is obtained with Be as the target:,2)The 239Pu/Be sources is probably the most widely used of the(,n)isotopic neutron sources,see table 1-6.,B.Radioisotope
3、(,n)Sources同位素源,Its Q-value:5.71MeV.,Some radioisotope gamma-ray emitters can also be used to produce neutrons when combined with an appropriate target material.The resulting photoneutron sources are based on supplying sufficient excitation energy to a target by absorption of gamma-ray photon to all
4、ow the emission of free neutron.Only two target nuclei,9Be and 2H,are of any practical signification for radioisotope source.,C.Photoneutron Sources,1)The main disadvantage of photoneutron sources:It is needed that very large gamma-ray activities must be used in order to produce neutron sources of a
5、ttractive intensity.one gamma ray(105 or 106)one neutron2)Some of the more common gamma-ray emitters are 226Ra,124Sb,72Ga,140La and 24Na.,Notes:,Because alpha particles are the only heavy charged particles with low z conventiently available from radioisotopes,reactions involving incident protons,deu
6、terons,and so on,must rely on artifically accelerated particles.Two of the most common reaction of this type used to produce neutrons are:,D Reactions From Accelerated Charged Particle(“neutron generator”),DD,DT,17.6MeV(Q-value),3.26MeV(Q-value),1)1 mA D(accelerated potentiao 100300keV)109n/s(D-D),1
7、011n/s(D-T).2)Other neutron generators(higher energy):9Be(d,n),7Li(p,n),3H(p,n),Notes:,2 中子的分类与性质,(1)中子的分类,2)中能中子:1KeV0.5MeV。,1)慢中子:01KeV。包括冷中子、热中子、超热中子、共振中子。,3)快中子:0.5MeV10MeV。,4)特快中子:10MeV。,热中子:与吸收物质原子处于热平衡状态,能量为0.0253eV,中子速度2.2103m/s.,(2)中子的性质,质量:mn1.008665u939.565300MeV/c2,自旋:sn1/2,费米子,电荷:0,中性粒子
8、,磁矩:n1.913042N,中子寿命:发生衰变的半衰期T1/2=10.60min,3 中子与物质的相互作用,(1)中子的散射,1)弹性散射(n,n),中子与物质的相互作用实质上是中子与物质的靶核的相互作用。,出射粒子仍为中子、剩余核仍为靶核。,出射中子的动能:,反冲核的动能:,当反冲核为质子(氢核)时,Mm,上式变为:,当=0 时,反冲质子能量最大,Tp=Tn,反冲质子在实验室座标系中的能量分布的概率密度函数为:,即对入射的单能中子而言,实验室坐标系中,其反冲质子的能量分布是一个矩形,最大能量为Tn,最小为零。这个关系可用于快中子能谱测量。,2)非弹性散射(n,n),入射中子的能量损失不仅使
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