3467.F 国际贸易海运提单欺诈成因分析 英文资料.doc

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1、Analysis of the Causes of the bill of lading fraudPaper Keywords: bill of lading causes of credit fraud Paper Abstract: In international trade, transport, maritime transport of goods has always been dominant, while sea freight bill of lading is the most important documents, has become a major intern

2、ational trade and shipping one way.However, with the development of international trade and shipping, bills of lading fraud has been a serious crisis to the normal operation of the bill of lading system, impeding the smooth progress of international trade. This in-depth analysis of the bill of ladin

3、g the causes of fraud in order to better prevent fraudulent bills of lading, bills of lading in international trade to play a greater role in promoting.International trade practice, the bill of lading fraud more complex causes, such as bill of lading is not a strict format requirements, management i

4、s not strict on the blank bill of lading, the theft of blank bill of lading, the law did not provide for any penalties, so the comparison of fraud simple facilities.From the efficiency point of view, forged bill of lading, whether technically or in terms of costs are relatively easy to use bills of

5、lading which is probably the direct cause of rampant fraud.Credit system: the system of fraud causes of the bill of lading The main reason leading to the bill of lading was fraudulent letters of credit system, more specifically the principle of independence is rooted in the letter of credit and from

6、 which it derived from the principle of strict conformity.(A) letter of credit system and its basic principlesDocumentary letter of credit or letter of credit is the issuing bank to buy the prescribing or issuing bank opened its own to ensure that submitted by the beneficiary and the terms and condi

7、tions of the letter of credit consistent with the requirements of the bill or pay it promises. Documentary credits as one of the tools of international trade finance, is created by British commercial genius mechanism.Credit system has the following two basic principles: the principle of independence

8、. This principle means that the issuing banks payment obligation to the beneficiary is independent of the beneficiary on the basis of his obligations under the contract; Issuing banks payment obligations on the beneficiary is independent of the applicant with the issuing bank issuing the obligations

9、, that is, irrevocable letter of credit once issued, the issuing bank that assumed the responsibility of the first payment. The main principle of independence is reflected in UCP600 Article 3, section 4. Strictly consistent with the principle.Strictly consistent with the principles of international

10、trade is of great significance, it makes the beneficiaries believe that if the beneficiary meets the conditions of Bank commitments (ie, letters of credit under condition), then the bank as a reliable teller can be an unconditional commitment implemented. This principle is the principle of independe

11、nce of the letter of credit derivatives.(B) the defects inherent in the credit system itself led to the bill of lading fraudWith a single letter of credit is one of the basic features: bank handling the documents, not goods. Bill of lading is a receipt from the evolved mate, mates receipts to prove

12、itself is the carriers receipt.Later, after long-term trade practices, the bill of lading was the same as a document of title to property has become a kind of business practices, and this used to be legalized, that the bill of lading as a document of title is negotiable or transferable . Therefore,

13、the delivery of bill of lading is equal to the symbolic delivery of the goods. This is the letter of credit bank under the bill of lading as proof of payment of the main reasons for the major. This feature documentary letter of credit determines the value of the bill of lading and its role in the cr

14、edit system.In documentary credit system, using the bill of lading is based on an important assumption, that the real bill of lading is its transferability. However, the development of the bill of lading did not reach the extent as the currency in circulation. But in the specific case of trial, whil

15、e that of the beneficiaries, the irrevocable letter of credit and cash belong to the same level, must be honored.This means that the transferability of the bill of lading in documentary credit payment system has been exaggerated, the bill of lading in the circulation of defects can be ignored. The c

16、onsequences are: the bill of lading still have the vouchers status, but not the performance of its role within the property and claims the role, this time the transfer of the bill of lading is regarded as the presumption of ownership of goods delivered, their credibility is difficult to guarantee.Wh

17、ether because of the completely false bill of lading system is often difficult to identify the carrier or the actual quality of the goods on the issue of a clean bill of lading, the consignee against the carrier were difficult to for. He can not ask for insurance compensation. So he got only a paper

18、 bill of lading or greatly reduced. In order not to affect the normal operation of the letter of credit transactions, bill of lading by the transferability of extreme importance.Longitudinal perspective, the bill of lading is still in the modern business transactions to ensure its vitality is due to

19、 the expense of other criteria, the law is the case, only the development of the transferability of the bill of lading. Because of the transferability of the bill of lading has been developed to the current level, making the implementation of fraud easier.Adhere to the transfer of and prevent fraud

20、beyond a certain extent, it is impossible combination, and can only be as the transactions demand to determine which is more important or in some kind of selection within, namely through increased costs to be taken by the parties appropriate measures to prevent fraud.Defects in the bill of lading sy

21、stem itself The above bill of lading with the documentary credit system is the root cause of fraud, which is why people will make use of the root causes of fraudulent bills of lading. In addition, the field of international trade and maritime bills of lading provided for the system itself there are

22、some flaws and contradictions. (A) complete the bill of lading France, the provisions of the bill of lading to be issued the old commercial law for more than four, the transport of goods by sea Act 1966, to two or more, the Italian law for the two voyages, the German commercial law does not provide

23、all the requirements set by the shipper, the British law which also No explicit, it is customary for the two or three more, such as retention of a three shipper, another sent to the consignee, then a pay master. Japanese Business Law and International Transport of Goods by Sea Act also recognized th

24、e issue of the number of copies of bills of lading. Maritime Law of China in Taiwan is also in accordance with the legislation of Germany and Japan, recognition of several bills of lading issued. Chinas current maritime law does not provide a bill of lading issued shares. However, according to marit

25、ime practice, bills of lading issued a set of three ordinary. States to permit a bill of lading issued several reasons nothing more than a bill of lading is lost or stolen backup; send the bill of lading to the consignee at the same time, another nice day in order to submit a check to the master.But

26、 now, due to advanced telecommunications, the aforementioned reasons have not sufficient. The bill of lading is lost or stolen, compared with the past has been greatly reduced, even if this happens, but communication is developed, it can immediately complete replacement procedures; the shipper or th

27、e master copy can only hold a bill of lading; States to impose stamp duty on shares in accordance with the bill of lading, in order to save expenses, is also an issue of several waste; now well-developed communication and convenient transportation, the consignee need not worry about the bill of ladi

28、ng has been too much delay. Therefore, the number of copies of its release, issued as a, if necessary, a copy or copies issued to。(A)issue bills of ladingIn the case of bearer bill of lading, the shipper and carrier relations are based on bills of lading and other transport protocols they signed pre

29、vail, because the straight bill of lading is not transferable, so the secret consignees only beneficiary of the contract, the law relationship between the shipper and the carrier shall be subject to contract.Therefore, if there is any change in the contract of carriage, the shippers agreement should

30、 be binding anonymous recipient, with instructions that the bill of lading bill of lading or bearer significantly different. In my opinion, constitute the basic conditions for the voucher must be the certificate can be transferred; transfer of the certificate of presumption of transfer of possession

31、 of the goods; At the same time as the delivery of business and trade practices of this certificate shall be the actual delivery of the goods. Therefore, bills of lading do not have the document of title function.(B) issue of clean bills of lading Letter of credit required by the bill of lading in t

32、heory must be clean bill of lading. Clean bill of lading that the carrier received the goods, the cargo surface in good condition, therefore, looks in good condition, does not rule out the contents of the cargo can not be found there with eyesight defects.UCP600 Article 27 provides: clean transport

33、document is the document did not explicitly claim on goods or packaging defective provisions or endorsement of the transport document. Under the Hague Rules section 3 of the provisions of paragraph 3, the carrier should be a factual account of the surface condition of goods, which have endorsed the

34、right of the carrier. Carrier based on their reasonable judgments on the surface condition of the goods endorsement of goods by sea claims in determining the liability of the carrier is significant.After arriving at the port of destination when the goods, the consignee or to obtain the right of subr

35、ogation of insurance claims are based on persons after the inspection is to discharge a single bill of lading in the quality of the goods and surface conditions on the provisions of annotations, compared between the two The difference is that it is the carrier should bear the responsibility. Therefo

36、re, in order to minimize their liability, the carrier will receive the goods on the factual situation of the comments made. Meanwhile, the shipper wishes to obtain a clean bill of lading without comment as proof of foreign exchange to banks.试析提单欺诈成因剖析论文关键词：提单欺诈 成因 信用证 论文内容摘要：在国际贸易运输中，海上货物运输始终占据主导地位，

37、而提单则是海上货物运输中最重要的单证，已成为国际贸易和航运的主要方式之一。然而，随着国际贸易和航运的发展，提单欺诈已严重的危机到整个提单的正常运作机制，阻碍了国际贸易的顺利进行。本文深入分析了提单欺诈的成因，以期更好的防范提单欺诈，使提单对国际贸易发挥更大的促进作用。 国际贸易实践中，提单欺诈产生的原因比较复杂，比如由于提单没有严格的格式要求，对空白提单管理不严格，对空白提单的盗用，法律上也没有规定任何可惩罚措施，因此这种欺诈比较简单易施。从效益上来看，伪造提单无论在技术上，还是在成本上都比较容易，这大概是利用提单欺诈日益猖獗的直接诱因。 信用证制度：提单欺诈的制度根源 导致提单欺诈的主要原因

38、是信用证制度，更具体地说是根源于信用证的独立性原则以及由它衍生而来的严格相符原则。 （一）信用证制度及其基本原则 跟单信用证或信用证是开证行代买方开立的或开证行自己开立的、保证依受益人提交的与信用证条款和条件的要求相符的汇票或单据付款的承诺。跟单信用证作为国际贸易融资的工具之一，是“英国商业天才所创造的机制 ”。信用证制度有以下两项基本原则：独立性原则。这一原则的含义是开证行对受益人的付款义务独立于受益人对他在基础合同项下义务的履行；开证行对受益人的付款义务独立于开证申请人对开证行的义务，即不可撤销的信用证一经开出，开证行即承担了第一位的付款责任。独立性原则在UCP600中主要体现在第3条、第

39、4条中。严格相符原则。严格相符原则对于国际贸易具有重要的意义，它使受益人相信，如果受益人满足了银行承诺的条件(即信用证规定的条件)，则银行作为“可靠的出纳员”的承诺即可无条件的付诸实施。这一原则是信用证独立性原则的衍生物。 （二）信用证制度本身固有的缺陷导致提单欺诈 跟单信用证的基本特征之一是：银行处理的单证而不是货物。提单是从大副收据发展而来的，大副收据本身是承运人的收货证明。后来经过长期的贸易实践，提单被等同于对物的物权凭证逐渐成为一种商业习惯，而且这种习惯在法律上得到认可，即提单作为一种物权凭证是可流通的或可转让的。因此提单的交付等于象征性交付货物。这一点是信用证下银行以提单作为主要的付

40、款凭证的主要原因。跟单信用证的这一特征决定了提单的价值及其在信用证体系中的作用。 在跟单信用证制度下，使用提单是基于一个重要的假设，即提单的实质是其可转让性。然而提单的发展并未达到像货币流通那样的程度。但在具体案例审理中，则认为，对受益人而言，“不可撤销的信用证与现金同属一个级别，必须予以承兑 ”。这意味提单的可转让性在跟单信用证支付体系中得到了夸大，提单在可流通性上的缺陷却被忽视。其后果是：提单仍旧具有物权凭证的地位，但不再表现为其内在的物权作用与债权作用，此时提单的转让被视为货物所有权的推定交付，其可信度难以保证。不论是因该提单系完全伪造或因承运人时常难以确认货物的实际品质就签发了清洁提单

41、，收货人均很难以之对抗承运人。他也不能要求保险公司予以赔偿。因此他得到的提单只是一张废纸或者大打折扣。为了不影响信用证交易的正常运行，提单的可转让性受到了极度的重视。 纵向观之，提单在现代商业交易中仍保证其旺盛的生命力，是由于法律是牺牲了其他准则的情况下，才发展了提单的可转让性。正因为提单的可转让性已发展到目前的程度，使得实施欺诈更加容易。坚持可转让性与防止欺诈在一定程度之外是不可能兼而有之的，只可能视交易的需求来决定哪个更重要，或者在某种范围内进行选择，即通过由当事人增加费用来采取相应措施防止欺诈。 提单制度自身的缺陷 上述的跟单信用证制度是提单欺诈产生的根源，它是人们之所以会利用提单进行欺

42、诈的根本原因。此外，在国际贸易以及海商法领域所规定的提单制度本身亦存在着一些缺陷和矛盾之处。 （一）成套提单的问题 法国旧商法规定提单须发行四份以上，1966年海上货物运输法改为两份以上，意大利航行法规定为两份，德国商法则未规定，全依托运人要求而定，英国法对此也无明文，习惯上多为两份或三份，如三份托运人自留一份，另一份寄交收货人，再一份交船长。日本商法及国际海上货物运输法也承认数份提单的发行。我国台湾地区海商法也依德日法例，承认数份提单的发行。大陆现行海商法未规定提单发行份数。但是依海运实务，提单一般发行一套三份。各国许可发行数份提单，理由不外乎提单遗失或被盗时备用；寄送提单给收货人同时，另交

43、一份给船长收执以便核对。但时至今日，由于通讯发达，前述理由己非充分。因提单遗失或被盗与往昔相比己大为减少，即使发生此种情况，但由于通讯发达，也能立即完成补发手续；托运人或船长仅持有提单抄本即可；各国依提单份数课征印花税，为节省支出，发行数份也属浪费；现在交通发达通讯便捷，收货人已不必担心提单过于迟延。因此，与其发行数份，不如发行一份，若有需要，则签发给副本或抄本。 （二）记名提单的问题 在记名提单情况下，托运人与承运人的关系是以提单以及其所签订的其它运输协议为准，因为记名提单不可转让，所以对记名收货人来说仅仅是合同的受益方，在法律关系上应以托运人与承运人签订的合同为准。因此，如果托运人有任何改

44、变运输合同的协议，都应该约束记名收货人，这一点与指示提单或不记名提单有明显的区别。笔者认为，构成物权凭证的基本条件必须是该凭证是可以转让的；转让该凭证转让对货物的推定占有权；同时商业贸易习惯视交付此凭证即为实际交付货物。因此，记名提单不具备物权凭证的功能。 （三）清洁提单的问题 信用证所要求的提单从理论上来讲必须是清洁提单。清洁提单表明承运人在接受货物时，货物的表面状态良好，因此，外表状态良好，并不排除货物内容存在凭目力不能发现的缺陷。UCP600第27条规定：“清洁运输单据是指单据上并未明确宣称货物或包装有缺陷的条文或批注的运输单据。”根据海牙规则第3条第3款的规定，承运人应如实记载货物表面情况，即承运人有批注权。承运人依据自身合理的判断对货物的表面状况进行批注，对确定海上货物索赔中承运人所负的责任意义重大。当货物运抵目的港后，收货人或取得代位求偿权的保险人进行索赔的依据就是将卸货后的验货单与提单中对货物质量和表面状况的规定、批注相比较，两者所差异之处就是承运人应承担的责任。因此，为尽量减少自己的责任，承运人都会对所收到的货物状况做如实的批注。同时，托运人希望取得无批注的清洁提单作为向银行结汇的凭证。