电大西方经济学第一次业小抄参考.doc

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1、一、 完全竞争条件下的厂商均衡1、完全竞争含义：完全竞争是指竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。2、形成条件这种市场结构形成的条件主要有：（1）市场上有无数个购买者和生产者。每个人和每个厂商所面对的都是一个既定的市场价格，都是市场价格的接受者；（2）市场上的产品都是无差异的。任何一个厂商都不能通过生产有差别性的产品来控制市场价格；（3）厂商和生产要素可以自由流动。使资源能得到充分利用；（4）购买者和生产者对市场信息完全了解，买卖双方都掌握有相关产品和价格的完全信息，可以据此确定最佳购买量和销售量，也可以据此以一个确定的价格来出售产品，不致于因信息不通畅造成多个价格并存现象。3、完全竞争需求曲线和

2、收益曲线 完全竞争市场中，单个厂商面对的是一条具有完全弹性的、水平的需求曲线d ，由于在完全竞争市场上，厂商总是按一个既定的价格出售产品，因此，厂商平均每出售一个单位产品所得到的收益即平均收益和增加一个单位产品增加的总收益即边际收益与价格相等，即厂商的需求曲线d、边际收益曲线MR、平均收益曲线AR重合，即PARMRd， 如下图：4、 完全竞争厂商短期均衡 完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是边际收益等于短期边际成本，即MRSMC；厂商达到短期均衡时的盈亏状况取决于均衡时价格P与短期平均成本曲线SAC之间的关系：若PSAC则可获超额利润(图1)，若PSAC则亏损(图3)，若PSAC则有正常利润(图

3、2)；亏损状态下，厂商继续生产的条件是：价格大于或等于短期平均可变成本，即PSAVC ，这时厂商能收回全部可变成本(图4) (图5)。5、 完全竞争供给曲线 完全竞争条件下，厂商短期供给曲线S就是其边际成本曲线，是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线，即短期边际成本曲线SMC上大于或等于平均可变成本曲线SAVC最低点以上的部分。如图所示，假定P4与SAVC相切，则根据MR=MC(即P=SMC)原则，可确定与E1、E2、E3、E4相对应的最佳产量为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4。SMC曲线上的E1、E2、E3、E4表明不同价格条件下相对应的最佳产量之间的对应关系，即在不同价格水平条件下，厂商可供应的最优产量。所以SM

4、C曲线就是厂商短期供给曲线S，即S=SMC完全竞争厂商短期均衡条件，PSAVC亏损状态下，厂商继续生产，厂商能收回全部可变成本，即PSAVC时厂商停产，所以，完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线S是MAC上大于或等于平均SAVC最底点以上的部分， MACSAVC, S=SMC,故SSAVC,即SMC位于SAVC的之上的部分。完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线表明，厂商在每一个价格水平的供给量是能够带来最大利润或最小亏损的最优产量；同时，向右上方倾斜的供给曲线表明产品价格和供给量之间成同方向变化。6、完全竞争长期均衡 在长期中，所有生产要素的数量都是中变的，厂商就可以通过调整自身的规模或改变行业中厂商的数量来消除

5、亏损，或瓜分超额利润，最后超额利润为0，实现新的均衡，即长期均衡。 完全竞争市场长期均衡的条件:由于资源可以自由流动，厂商可以自由的进入或者退出行业，因此长期的调整过程使得厂商既不亏损也不盈利，同时厂商又不存在超额利润时为止。这时厂商失去了进入或退出该行业的动力，行业内每个厂商都实现了长期均衡。完全竞争厂商的长期供给曲线是大于长期平均成本曲线LAC最低点的那一段长期边际成本曲线LMC，是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线。完全竞争厂商长期均衡的条件为：P=MR=LMC=SMC=LAC=SAC。完全竞争行业的长期供给曲线不是将行业内各厂商的长期供给曲线简单相加，而是根据厂商进入或退出某一行业时，行业产量变化

6、对生产要素价格所可能产生的影响，分三种情况：成本不变行业的长期供给曲线是一条水平曲线，表明行业可根据市场需求变化而调整其产量供给，但市场价格保持在原来LAC曲线最低点水平；成本递增行业的长期供给曲线是斜率为正的曲线，表明行业根据市场供求调整其产量水平时，市场价格会随之同方向变动；成本递减行业的长期供给曲线是一条斜率为负的曲线，表明行业根据市场供求调整其产量时，市场价格会随之成反方向变动。亏损部分厂商退出行业行业供给下降产品价格上升厂商盈利情况改善； 盈利厂商进入供给增加产品价格下降盈利情况恶化。 二、完全垄断条件下的厂商均衡及与完全竞争条件下的比较1、完全垄断含义和形成条件完全垄断是指整个行业

7、中只有一个生产者的市场结构。2、完全垄断结构形成的主要条件：（1）、厂商即行业，整个行业中只有一个厂商提供全行业所需要的全部产品；（2）、厂商所生产的产品没有任何替代品，不受任何竞争者的威胁；（3）、其他厂商几乎不可能进入该行业。在这些假设条件下，市场中完全没有竞争的对手，厂商可以控制和操纵价格。这与完全竞争的含义和形成条件是不同的。3、 成因对资源的独占、专利权、政府的特许、自然垄断4、 完全垄断需求曲线和收益曲线完全垄断厂商所面临的需求曲线就是整个市场的需求曲线，是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线。厂商的平均收益AR随产品销量的增加而不断减少，AR与厂商面临的需求曲线D重叠。与此同时，厂商从每增加一

8、个单位产量销售中所得到的边际收益MR也是背叛的，且在每一个销量下，都小于平均收益AR,即MR位于AR的下方。这是因为在MPMR,所以，随着向右下方倾斜的需求曲线位移，价格和产量之间不存在那种一一对应关系，因此不存在有规律性的供给曲线。7、完全垄断长期均衡完全垄断行业的长期均衡是以拥有超额利润为特征的，这与完全竞争行业以超额利润或亏损为零是不同的。完全垄断厂商长期均衡的条件是：MRLMCSMC，这与完全竞争厂商长期均衡条件相比，没有MRLACSAC。8、完全垄断与完全竞争的异同 市场类型比较内容完全竞争完全垄断不同点定义待添加的隐藏文字内容1竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰整个行业中只有一个生产者形成条件

9、产品质量相同，买者、卖者极多独家经营，别无其它需求曲线平行于横轴向右下方倾斜供给曲线向右上方倾斜存在有规律性的供给曲线均衡条件短期MRSMCMRSMC长期AR=ACMRLMCLAC=SMC=SACMRLMCSMC通常是盈利AR和LAC关系AR和LAC最低点相切AR和LAC相割MR和 AR关系MR和 AR重叠MR在AR左下方相同点都必须遵循利润最大化即MR=MC原则安排产量短期时都面临着盈利亏损和盈亏平衡的可能短期时都面临着盈利亏损和盈亏平衡的可能Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final wi

10、n over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their

11、 first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most

12、interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line thi

13、s weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomor

14、row and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president

15、of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mis

16、sion aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will

17、 move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the strat

18、osphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they go

19、t caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That

20、 could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-

21、chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back t

22、hey have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.