国际商务International-Business-(Charles-W.L.-Hill-第七版)课件.ppt
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1、International Business 7eby Charles W.L.Hill,McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Chapter 1 Globalization,What Is Globalization?,The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent,integrated global economic syste
2、mGlobalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyGlobalization has two facets:1)the globalization of markets 2)the globalization of production,The Globalization Of Markets,The globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separ
3、ate national markets into one huge global marketplaceIn many industries,it is no longer meaningful to talk about the“German market”or the“American market”Instead,there is only the global market,The Globalization Of Markets,Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationallyThe tastes and p
4、references of consumers are converging on some global normFirms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide,Classroom Performance System,The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asa)economic integrationb)economic interdependen
5、cyc)globalizationd)internationalization,The Globalization Of Production,The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land,labor,and capitalC
6、ompanies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering,Classroom Performance System,The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known asa)global market f
7、acilitationb)cross-border tradec)supranational market integrationd)the globalization of markets,Classroom Performance System,Firms that are involved in international business tend to bea)largeb)smallc)medium-sizedd)large,small,and medium-sized,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,Institutions are ne
8、eded to:help manage,regulate,and police the global marketplacepromote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,Institutions created over the past half century include:the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)the Worl
9、d Trade Organization(WTO)the International Monetary Fund(IMF)the World Bankthe United Nations(UN),The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The World Trade Organization(like its predecessor GATT)is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system and making sure that nation-states adhere to th
10、e rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO membersIn 2007,the 150 nations that accounted for 97%of world trade were WTO membersThe WTO promotes lower barriers to trade and investment,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created in 1944Th
11、e IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary systemThe World Bank was established to promote economic development,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The United Nations was established in 1945 to:maintain international peace and securitydevelop friendly relations among nati
12、onscooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rightsbe a center for harmonizing the actions of nations,Classroom Performance System,Which is not a factor of production?a)tradeb)landc)capitald)energy,Drivers Of Globalization,Two macro factors underlie the trend tow
13、ard greater globalization:the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War IItechnological change,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another countr
14、yForeign direct investment(FDI)occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home countryAfter World War II,advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investmentSince 1950,average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4%Countries ha
15、ve also been opening markets to FDI,Classroom Performance System,The sourcing of good and services from around the world to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production is calleda)economies of scaleb)the globalization of productionc)global integrationd)glob
16、al sourcing,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,Table 1.1:Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,Lower barriers to trade and investment mean:that firms can view the world,rather than a single country,as their marketthat firms can
17、 base production in the optimal location for that activity,Classroom Performance System,Which organization is responsible for policing the world trading system?a)the International Monetary Fundb)the United Nationsc)the World Trade Organizationd)the World Bank,The Role Of Technological Change,Technol
18、ogical change has made the globalization of markets a realityImportant advances have occurred in:microprocessors and telecommunicationsthe Internet and World Wide Webtransportation technology,The Role Of Technological Change,Implications of technological change for the globalization of production in
19、clude:lower transportation costs that enable firms to disperse production to economical,geographically separate locationslower information processing and communication costs that enable firms to create and manage globally dispersed production systems,The Role Of Technological Change,Implications of
20、technological change for the globalization of markets include:low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplacelow-cost transportation help create global marketsglobal communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture,and a global market for con
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