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1、星际闪烁和散射,星际介质对信号传播的影响,星际介质分布在恒星和恒星之间,包括星际气体、星际尘埃、宇宙线与星际磁场。星际介质对地球上所接受天体辐射信号的影响:1.色散展宽(DM)2.散射 3.法拉第旋转(Faraday Rotation)4.星际闪烁(Scintillation)由一定尺度上的介质非均匀性引起,脉冲星星际介质的探针,脉冲星辐射是动态的信号:色散展宽,电子柱密度。散射:导致轮廓展宽脉冲星辐射具有偏振:法拉第旋转探测星际磁场分布。脉冲星辐射被限制限制在很小的角径范围,近似点光源:星际闪烁。,2023/3/18,4,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,色 散,散射导
2、致脉冲轮廓展宽,2023/3/18,5,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,2023/3/18,6,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,散射导致脉冲轮廓展宽,星际磁场引起的法拉第旋转旋转量RM,星际闪烁,2023/3/18,8,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,经过薄屏后信号的相位和幅度的变化,展宽角径散射展宽,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,9,薄屏模型可以较好地符合大部分观测现象,星际闪烁,Apparent source diameters,2023/3/18,10,Pulsar Wo
3、rkshop,2009,Beijng,星际介质在空间的分布,空间分布理论模型,其中q=1/a为波数,湍流扰动尺度的倒数。:视线方向电子密度平均空间湍动强度。,=11/3:Kolmogorov谱 当 4 时,陡谱模型(Bandford&Narayan 1985)内尺度模型(inner scale)(Coles et al.1987),2023/3/18,12,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,星际介质在空间的分布,薄屏模型:不均匀区的典型大小为a,厚度为D,各处的折射率不同,是随机分布的,平均折射率接近于1。,厚屏模型:弥漫于脉冲星与观测者之间,2023/3/18,13,P
4、ulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,散射理论:等效屏模型,脉冲星星际闪烁,衍射式闪烁:Scheuer 1968;Rickett,1969 星际介质小空间尺度:1081010 cm;特征时标:1/D 几分钟到几小时,消相干带宽:1/D 100 KHz到几十MHz;,折射式闪烁:Sieber 1982;Rickett,1984 星际介质大空间尺度:10121014 cm;特征时标:几天到几月甚至年;D 1 长期流量变化 对衍射式闪烁的有关特征量例如特征时间,特征带宽,漂移模式等有调制作用。,4,4,Kolmogorov谱(=11/3):,描述DISS动态谱(薄屏模型)Theory
5、 prediction of DISS parameters(Thin scattering screen model),2023/3/18,16,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,曲线变化,V iss:Pulsar transverse velocities derived from diffractive scintillation spectra:,Gupta(1994):,18,Thin screen,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,19,=4,=11/3:Kolmogorov fluctuation spectrum,
6、u=sF/sd:describe the scattering strengthsF is the Fresnel scale at the scattering disk at which the geometric phase difference is 1 radian compared to the direct path;sd is a scale at the observer at which the average phase changes is 1 radian.u1:strong scattering,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beij
7、ng,21,流量变化和调制指数,2023/3/18,22,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,23,For nearby pulsars,the modulation is weak,and DISS will be main effect.For Kolmogorov spectrum,mu5/6 m1For larger DM,DISS effect is weaker,and m DM-1.But RISS is stronger,with m u-1/3.(u D,so m DM-1/3),
8、Oral presentation at IAUC 182 Submitted to CJAA,d:d:Diffractive scintillation(DISS):short narrowRefractive scintillation(RISS):long wide,五颗脉冲星在1540 MHz的长期星际闪烁监测,每9天观测一次,数据2001年1月2002年6月 积分26hr,子积分24min 被观测脉冲星:PSR B0329+54 PSR B1823+26 PSR B1929+10 PSR B2020+28 PSR B2021+51,闪烁研究,Wang,N.;Manchester,R.
9、N.;Johnston,S.;Rickett,Bet al.:2005,MNRAS,358,270,2023/3/18,25,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,PSR B0329+54 的动态谱,DM26.8 pc cm-3D=1.06 kpc3 hr 的观测结果:td10-30 mind 5-15 MHz,2023/3/18,26,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,二维自相关分析,二维自相关 特征时间和特征频率,闪烁二维动态谱,2023/3/18,28,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,二维自相关函数,2023/3/18,29
10、,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,30,Modelling ACFs for PSR B0329+54,strong scattering thin disk Kolmogorov spectrum,闪烁参数与频率的依赖关系,a.Bhat,Rao&Gupta 1999b.Gupta,Rickett&Lyne 1994c.Stinebring,Fainon&Mckinnon 1996d.Our results,2023/3/18,32,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,Dai
11、ly Observations of Interstellar Scintillation in PSR B0329+54,Obs:Mar 1231,2004,Wang,N.;Yan,Z.;Manchetser,R.N.et al.:2008,MNRAS,Daily Observations of Interstellar Scintillation in PSR B0329+54,调制系数,对于Kolmogorov 谱,调制系数的理论值,调制系数理论和观测的对比,Modulation indices,Observed prediction!,闪烁参数的互相关Cross correlation
12、,Wang,N.;Yan,Z.;Manchetser,R.N.et al.:2008,MNRAS,accepted,二次谱Secondary Spectra,Two dimensional FFT of dynamic spectrum,Observing the structure of central image!,2023/3/18,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,40,Kolmogorov Spectrum=3.67,折射式衍射特征时间,Theory prediction:,Structure Function,衍射式星际闪烁的参量,TC93模型Taylor&C
13、ordes 1993,NE2001模型Cordes&Lazio 2003 a,b,2023/3/18,45,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,闪烁和自行速度的相关性,Harrison&Lyne 1993,Gupta 1995,2023/3/18,46,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,Putney&Stinebring 2006,2023/3/18,47,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,2023/3/18,48,Pulsar Workshop,2009,Beijng,脉冲星的自行速度脉冲星闪烁速度银河系星际电子密度模型,Putney&Stinebring 2006,据已知的脉冲星速度和距离得到的脉冲星闪烁速度的期望值。,Gupta 1995,Bogdanov et al.2002,消相关带宽周年变化图,闪烁参数和闪烁速度的周年变化(星号是零星观测的的处理结果),闪烁时标周年变化,闪烁速度随时间变化图(X=1),一年观测得到的闪烁速度值为6513 km/s(x=1)考虑到散射屏的位置,假设x=2,取得到的速度值为9218 km/s与自行速度一致(Wang et al.2008:902 km/s 和 Hobbs et al.2005:9811 km/s)。,
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