大学英语四级写作专题讲解课件.ppt

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1、大学英语四级写作专题,一、文章的基本结构二、写作实例分析,四级作文解析,文章的基本结构,概论文章的基本结构写作的三段论模式,一、概论,文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：,1/2,二、文章的基本结构,2/2,写作的三段论模式,大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(body paragraph)结尾段(conclusion),(一)开头段,开头段概论常用的开头段的表达方法开头段的常用核心句型,开头段概论,对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话

2、却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引语（use a quotation）引用具体或粗略的数据（use figures or statistics）提出问题（ask a question）给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）定义法（give definition）主题句法（use of topic sentence）,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引

3、语（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity,but to make them.”Colton,a great writer once remarked.But it still has a profound significance now.To a person,in whose lifetime opportunities are not many,to make opportunities is more

4、 essential to his success.分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。,常用的开头段的表达方法,引用具体或粗略的数据（use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table,more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country,which is a serious proble

5、m to our economic development and social security.It is estimated that in 2004,there are 500,000 unemployed graduates,more than 30%higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。,常用的开头段的表达方法,提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from you

6、r work?Money,Promotions,Interesting challenges,Continual learning,Work-based friendships,The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials.Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ,all agree that work provide more than material things.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物

7、质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。,常用的开头段的表达方法,给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）如：As regards the stress for college students,there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society.It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can be eas

8、ily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。,常用的开头段的表达方法,定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know,practice makes perfect.This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers,and now it is still widely applied

9、to our daily life.It means that the more we practice,the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。,常用的开头段的表达方法,主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increa

10、sing illiteracy among the adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.Li,dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University,about 18%of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。,开头段的常用核心句型,As opposed to g

11、enerally accepted views,I believe that The arguer may be right about,but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that.Although it is commonly agreed that,it is unlikely to be true that.There is an element of truth in this statement,but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that.In all the discussi

12、on and debate over,one important fact is generally overlooked.,开头段的常用核心句型,On the surface（At first thought）,it（this）may seem a sound（an attractive）suggestion（solution/idea）,but careful weighing on the mind（on closer analysis/on second thought）,we find that Although many people believe that,I wonder w

13、hether the argument bears much analysis.,开头段的常用核心句型,The danger（problem/fact/truth/point）is that.I agree with the above statement because I believe that.There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of.Those who object to argue that.But people who favor,on the other hand,argue that.,开头段的常用核心句

14、型,Currently（In recent years/In the past few years/For many years now）,there is（hasbeen）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widely held）feeling towards（concern over/attitude towards/trend towards/awareness of/realization of/illusion of/belief in）.As far as I am concerned,however,I believe that.Now it is c

15、ommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that.But I wonder（doubt）whether,(二)主体段,主体段概述主体段段落扩充方法,主体段概述,主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。,主体段段落扩充方法,一、列举法（Listing）二、举例法（Exemplification

16、）三、分类法（Classification）四、比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）五、因果法（Cause and Effect）,列举法（Listing）定义,也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。,列举法作文例子,To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully.First,you should make a preliminary

17、survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains.Second,you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read.Next,make notes of the major point of each chapter.Then,test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in ex

18、aminations.Finally,review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.,常用于列举法的过渡连接词,first,second,third,etc.;in the first place,in the second place;first of all,first and foremost;to begin with,to start with;for one thing,for another;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,in additi

19、on,what is more;above all;next;beyond that;initially;eventually,last but not least.,举例法（Exemplification）定义,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。,举例法作文例子,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example,those

20、 who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people c

21、an always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.,举例法中常见的过渡性词语,for example,for instance,as an example,as an illustration,such as,a case in point is,to illustrate,in particular,specifically,say,next,namely,that is,like,take as an example,to name just a few,etc.,分类法(Classification)定义,在阐述某一概

22、念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,分类法作文例子,Ever since humans have lived on the earth,they have made use of various forms of communication.Generally,this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech,when there is a language barrier,communication is accomplished

23、through sign language in which motions stand for letters,words and ideas.Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression.Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally;spelling,however,cannot.Body language t

24、ransmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions,either intentionally or unintentionally.A nod signifies approval,while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.Other forms of language can be found in signal flags,Morse code and picture signs.,常见的用以分类的词语,动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,

25、fall into,etc.名词：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.,比较对照法(Comparison and Contrast)定义,比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。,在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、A2、A3B1、B2、B3例子:,Computers have both f

26、avorable and unfavorable aspects.First,computers can calculate.They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation.Besides,people can communicate with each other by E-mail,which costs people less money and less time.Most important of all,computers create wide communication ar

27、ound the world.People can communicate with each other via the Internet.They can make friends all over the world.But every coin had two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.To begin with,since computers can do a lot of work for us,such as calculation,we may rely too much on them and become la

28、zier and lazier.To make matters worse,although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail,the original warm relationship may become cold,for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face.Worst of all,computers can spread viruses caused by electroni

29、c hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost.,A proverb says,“Like father,like son.”But the proverb doesnt seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.First,my grandfather is introverted,while my father is extroverted.We can easil

30、y read what is on my fathers mind,but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about.Next,my grandfather is always indifferent to children.He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him.In contrast,my father is very warm-hearted to children.He likes to talk w

31、ith them,so the children in my family all like him.Finally,my grandfather is obstinate.Once he had made a decision,he never changes it.However,my father,even after he has made a decision,will ask others for opinions.If he thinks the opinions are reasonable,he might change his mind.Although my grandf

32、ather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance,they differ in character,thinking and behavior.,逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3例如：,常见的比较对照的过渡性词语,常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,in a similar way,in the same way,too,like,resemble,similar to,equal to,equally,i

33、mportant,bothand,the same as常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：on the one hand,on the other hand,on the contrary,in/by contrast,in contrast to,in sharp contrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,even though,whereas/while,it is truebut,instead,unlike,rather than,in spite of,contrast with,diffe

34、r(ent)from,contrary to,因果法(Cause and Effect)定义,因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。,因果法作文例子,The role of women in todays society is changing.One reason is that women have begun to as

35、sert themselves as independent people through the womens movement.Also,women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home.Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women.Moreover,men are becoming more conscious of the abili

36、ties of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语,because,as,since,for,owing to,because of,due to,on account of,as a result of,for the reason,result from,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,for this reason,on that account,as a result,as a consequence,it follo

37、ws that,result in,contribute to,（三）结尾段,结尾段概述常用的结尾段的表达方法结尾段常用的的核心句型,结尾段概述,开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,总结归纳重申主题预测展望提出建议提出问题引用格言,常用的结尾段的表达方法,总结归纳简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say

38、 that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents.It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想

39、。如：Admittedly,science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive无处不在的pollution.But it has transformed the lives of millions of people.It has multiplied mans energy,hopes,ambitions and understanding.It has elevated and will continue to elevate举起;抬高man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章对前文的观点进行

40、了重复，使之更加鲜明。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：So to sum up,we should offer our help to all who are in need.We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others.I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章通过对未来

41、积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,提出建议提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society,sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public.The government should make sure that the census人口普查is well carried out and the people should be actively involv

42、ed in the census.分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace欣然接受this living pattern.But in the deep part of their hearts,they must feel lonely.They need their children to stay with,to talk with,and ta

43、ke care of them.Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old?分析：文章最后用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago,a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that“Knowledge is power.”This can now be translated into contemporary

44、 terms.In our social setting,“Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition,fueling the great engine of technology,means accelerating change.分析:文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。,结尾段常用的的核心句型,From what has been discussed above（Taking into account all these factors/Judging fr

45、om all evidence offered）,we may safely draw（reach/come to/arrive at）the conclusion that.All the evidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/points to）a（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusion that.It is high time that we place（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasis on the imp

46、rovement（development/increase/promotion）of.,结尾段常用的的核心句型,It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated根深蒂固的（unhealthy/undesirable不利的）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of.We must look（search/call/cry）for an immediate action（method/measure),because the present（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/

47、state/attitude）of,if permitted（allowed）to continue（proceed）,will surely（certainly）lead to（result in）the end（destruction/heavy cost）of.,结尾段常用的的核心句型,There is no easy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）to the problem of,but might be useful（helpful/beneficial）.No easy method（solution/re

48、cipe/remedy）can be at hand（found/guaranteed）to solve（resolve/tackle）the problem of,but the common（general/public）recognition of（realization of/awareness of/commitment to）the necessity（importance/significance）of might be the first step towards change（on the right way/in the right direction）.,结尾段常用的的核

49、心句型,Following these methods（suggestions）may not guarantee the success in（solution to）,but the pay-off取得成功will be worth the effort.Obviously（Clearly/No doubt),if we ignore（are blind to）the problem,there is every chance that.Unless there is a common realization of（general commitment to）,it is very lik

50、ely（the chances are good）that.,结尾段常用的的核心句型,There is little doubt（no denying）that serious（special/adequate/immediate/further）attention must be called（paid/devoted）to the problem of.It is necessary（essential/fundamental）that effective（quick/proper）action（steps/measures/remedies）should be taken to prev